THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
erty of the school confiscated. Two years later, Damascius, with Simplicius, the well-known commentator on Aristotle, and five other Neoplatonists, went to Persia in the hope of finding in King Chosroes a friend of philosophy, but were grievously disappointed and returned to Athens in 533. From this time on the efforts of those who were interested in such matters tended more and more to limit themselves to the exposition of earlier philosophers, especially Plato and Aristotle.
The final dissolution of Neoplatonism was due partly to its unbounded recklessness of speculation and partly to the moral and religious force of Christianity, which borrowed what was most valuable of the Neoplatonist system and breathed new life into it. Augustine, Dionysius the Areopagite, and Scotus Erigena (qq.v.) were particularly influenced by it, and through the two latter both the mystical and the pantheistic movements of the Middle Ages received much of their direction. Neoplatonism had a marked revival at the Renaissance, especially through Marsilius Ficinus and Pico della Mirandola (qq.v.); and through Giordano Bruno (q.v.) in particular it has come down to modern times in one form or another, being discoverable by an acute analysis in the theories of Schelling, Fichte, Hegel, and other leading nineteenth-century philosophers. (M. Heinze.)
Bibliography: The subject is treated from three different standpoints in three kinds of works: (1) in those on the history of philosophy such as: B. Erdmann, Eng. transl., London, 1893; W. Windelband, Eng. transls. of two works, New York, 1893, London, 1900; A. Weber, London, 1S96 (an excellent manual) ; F. Ueberweg, ed. M. Heinze, vol. ii., Berlin, 1905; (2) in the works on the church history of the period; and (3) in works on the history of dogma. To these general works the student is therefore referred. For special treatment of the subject consult: C. Bigg, Neoplatonism, London, 1895; T. Whittaker, The Neo-Platonists, Cambridge, 1901; C. Elsee, Neoplatonism in Relation to Christianity, New York, 1908 ; K. P. Hasse, Yon Plotin zu Goethe. Die Entwicklung des neuplatonischen Einheitsgedankens zur Weltanschauung der Neuzeit, Leipsic, 1909; and cf. E. Zeller, History of Eclecticism, London, 1883.
On the members of this school, for Plotinus consult: his Opera, ed. A. Kirchhoff, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1856, Eng. transl. of select works, by T. Taylor, London, 1794, 1S34; of his De pulchritudine, by T. Taylor, ib. 1787; Two Books on the Essence of Soul, and One on the Descent of Soul, by T. M. Johnson, Osceola, Mo., 1880; Selections from the " Enneads " in Germ, transl. by O. Kieser, 2 vols., Jena, 1905. Consult: J. Simon, Hist, de Vecole d'Alexandrie, 2 vols., Paris, 1846; A. Daunas, Plotin et sa doctrine, ib. 1848; C. H. Kirchner, Die Philosophie des Plotin, Halle, 1854; A. Bichter, N euplatonische Studien, 5 parts, Halle, 1864-67; M. Heinze, Die Lehre vom Logos, pp. 306-329, Leipsic, 1872; H. von Kleist, Plotinische Studien, Heidelberg, 1883; H. F. M filler, Dispositionen zu den drei ersten Enneaden des Plotin, Bremen, 1883; A. Lang, Lessons on Literature, pp. 92-101, London, 1889; K. S. Guthrie, The Philosophy of Plotinus, Philadelphia, 1896; O. Gollwitzer, Plotins Lehre von der Willensfreiheit, Kempten, 1900; A. Drews, Plotin und der Untergang der antiken Weltanschauung, Jena, 1907. For Porphyry: his Operatria, ed . A. Nauck, Leipsic, 1860; Opuscula, ed. Nauck, ib. 1886; Eng. transl. of his select works by T. Taylor, London, 1823, of his work on abstinence by S. Hibberd, ib. 1851, and of his sentences by T. Davidson, in Journal of Speculative Philosophy, iii (1869), 46-73; N. Bouillet, Porphyre: son role dans Vecole neoplatoniciennc, Paris, 1864; M. Haupt, Marci Diaconi vita Porphyriis, Berlin, 1875; A. J. Kleffner, Porphyrius der Neuplatoniker und C'hristenfeind, Paderborn, 1896. For Jamblichus : his De vitapythagorica, ed. under the direction of the St. Petersburg Academy, St. Petersburg, 1884; his De mysteriis, ed, G. Parthey,
Berlin, 1857, Eng. transl. by T. Taylor, Chiswick, 1821; his Adhortatio ad philosophiam, Lat. text ed. H. Pistelli, Leipsic, 1888, the Gk. text ed. the same, ib. 1894; H. Dodwell, De fide et cetate Jamblichus, in his Exercitationes . de estate Pythagori, London, 1704; J. Simon, ut sup., ii. 187-265; E. Vacherot, Hist, critique de Vecole d'Alexandrie, ii. 57-65, 126-146, Paris, 1846; G. C. A. von Harless, Da3 Buch von den iigyptischen Myslerien, Munich, 1858; A. Wilden, Jamblichos on the Mysteries, in The Plalonist, Aug., 1885-July, 1887. On Ammonius : the Aristotelis vita, ed. in Diogenis Laertii de philosophorum
vitis, Gk. and Lat., Paris, 1850; Fragments conserves par Nemesius, ed. M. N. Bouillet in Les Enneades de Plotin, ib. 1857; L. J. Dehaut, Essai historique sur la vie et la doctrine d' Ammonius Saccas, Brussels, 1836; E. E. Vacherot, ut sup.; E. Zeller, in Archiv fiir Geschichte der Philosophie, vii (1894), 295-312. Consult also the convenient compend Plotina opera omnia, Porphyrii liber de vita Plotini cum Marsilii Ficini commentariis et ejusdem interpretatione castigata, annotationem in unum librum Plotini et in Porphyrium attitit Daniel Wyttenbach, apparatum criticum disposuit, indices concinnavit G. H. Moser, ad fidem codicum MSS. et in novae recensionis modum Graca Latinaaue emendavit indices explevit, prolegomena introductiones, annotationes, explicandis rebus ac verbis itemque Nicephori Nathanaelis antitheticum Adversus Platinum et Dialogum Grmci scriptoria anonymi ineditum de anima adjecit F. Creuzer, 3 vols., London, 1835.
NEOSTADIENSIUM ADMONITIO: The most important of the replies evoked by the Formula of Concord. The brief enforced return of Heidelberg to Lutheranism under the Elector Louis (1576-83) obliged the Reformed to flee to Neustadt, where they found themselves obliged to defend their beliefs against the Lutheran doctrines; Ursinus accordingly wrote, in their name, the Admonitio (Neustadt, 1581, found also in his Opera, vol. ii., Heidelberg, 1612). Its twelve chapters contain a presentation of the Reformed doctrines, a refutation of the principles advanced in the Formula of Concord, and a critique of the Augsburg Confession and Luther. The distinctive Reformed tenets discussed are Christology, communion, and predestination. The two natures of Christ are declared to be both united and distinct, the personal union consisting " in the subsistence and constitution of substance of a single person." Fellowship with Christ in the communion is regarded as given only through faith, thus excluding all idea of the real presence. The treatment of predestination is chiefly a sharper definition of the views advanced more vaguely and incorrectly by the Lutherans. The Latin edition of the Admonitio was soon followed by one in German, and the work naturally called forth several refutations, especially by Selnecker, Chemnitz, and Timotheus Kirchner, which were answered in the Examen recitationum Nicolai Selnecceri (1582) and the Defensio admonitionis Neostadiance contra apologies Erfurtensis sophismata (1586). Throughout this period Neustadt was the Reformed center, and the place of publication of a number of the writings of the theologians of Anhalt and Bremen.
(E. F. Karl Mxjller.) Bibliography: A. Schweizer, Die protestantischen Centraldogmen, i. 491 sqq., Zurich, 1854; R. Sudhoff, Olevianus und Ursinus, pp. 432 sqq., Elberfeld, 1857; H. Heppe, Geschichte des deutschen Protestantismus, iv. 277 sqq., Marburg, 1859.
NEPOMUK. See John of Nbpomtjk.
NEPOS, ni'pes: Egyptian bishop before the middle of the third century. He is known from the