THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
as a consequence of his worldly success, a change was noticed in his attitude which exposed him to the charge of having abandoned his former ideals of Evangelical truth, scholarly impartiality, and devotion to his native land. The liberal and noble principles of his earlier life still appear, it is true, in the Schedion ekklesiastikes akademias which he published in 1828; but two years later he sent a Psephisma synodikon to the ecumenical patriarch which became the basis of the tomos directed against the independence of the Greek Church by the Synod of 1850. In 1834, on an income provided by the czar, he settled down in Nauplia to a life of learned leisure, exposed, on the part of some of his countrymen, to the suspicion of being an agent of the patriarch and of Russia. Intercourse with the West since the middle of the eighteenth century had brought a new current into Greek church life, which showed itself especially in the spirit of historical criticism represented by such men as Corais and Theoklitos Pharmakides (q. v.). (Economus put himself at the head of an opposition to this movement, and was the real moving spirit in a periodical established in 1835 under the title of He euangelike salpinx (" The Gospel Trumpet "), which blew sharp blasts against " modernism." The same tendency appeared in his own works of this later period. The controversy as to the authenticity of the Apostolic Canons, on which the " orthodox " system was based, led him to write Peri ton trion hieratikon tes ekklesias bathmon epistolimaia diatribe (Nauplia, 1835). Another apparently unimportant controversy grew out of the question whether the Zacharias of Matt, xxiii. 35 was the father of the Baptist; it involved, however, the question of the authority of the apocryphal gospels, and easily led to a discussion of the justification for the cultus of the virgin. Of wider interest was the campaign which he undertook against translations of the Bible into modern Greek, with a corresponding overestimate of the value of the Septuagint; his principal work on this subject was the Peri ton 6 hermeneuton tes palaias theias graphes (4 vols., Athens, 1834 sqq.). Besides the Bible versions that came from England, the " Trumpet " attacked also the foreign schools in Greece, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, and secured the imprisonment of Theophilus Kai'res (q. v.), the head of a flourishing school at Andros, who was teaching a thoroughly rationalistic form of Christianity. The principal work in which CEconomus set forth the conflicts of the latter half of his life is the Triakontaeteris ekklesiastike, covering the period from 1821 to 1852, amine of information on the history of the Greek Church in the period, although not entirely completed. A number of other interesting works, some of a valuable scholarly character without controversial bearing, are collected in the Sozomena ekklesiastika syngrammata published by his son Sophocles (3 vols., Athens, 1864-67). (Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: G. F. Hertzberg, Geschichte Griechenlands, vols, iii.-iv., Gotha, 1878-79; TSK, xiv (1841), 7-53, C. Teschendorf, in appendix to Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, Apr. 10, 1857; R. Nicolai, Geschichte der neugriechischen Litteratur, Leipsic, 1876; A. D. Kyriakos, Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen, ed. E. Rausch, ib. 1902. Other literature, in Greek, is given in Hauck- Herzog, RE, xiv. 299.
(ECUMENICAL COUNCILS. See Councils and Synods, § 3.
CECUMENIUS, ec'u-mee'ni-us: The supposed author of a commentary in the form of a catena on the Acts, the epistles of St. Paul (including Hebrews), and the Catholic epistles, together with a brief exposition of the Apocalypse. According to a tenth- or eleventh-century manuscript, he was bishop of Tricca in Thessaly; he seems to have flourished about the end of the tenth century; the commentary on the Apocalypse is closely dependent, even to verbal agreement for a large part, on the much older one of Andrew of Csesarea, while the manuscript authority for those on the other books goes back about half a century beyond the lifetime of Theophylact, who expounded the same books. The commentary on Revelation seems really not to belong to (Ecumenius. As to the relation between him and Theophylact (q.v.), the close similarity of the treatment of the Catholic epistles still allows those which bear the name of (Ecumenius to be designated as the older, while the text of those on the Pauline epistles differs more decidedly, and the differences offer puzzling problems. (Ecumenius sometimes but not invariably gives the names of his sources, among whom Photius is the most frequently used. The whole question is complicated by the fact that the name of (Ecumenius appears among these sources, as well as by the wide variance in the manuscripts, many of which differ from the printed text of both (Ecumenius and Theophylact. In fact, the riddles connected with the former's name can not be solved until further investigation has been made of the whole field of Catenae (q.v., §7). (O. Zockler f.)
Bibliography: The works named were edited in Greek by Donatus, Verona, 1532; in Latin by J. Hentenius, Antwerp, 1545; in Greek and Latin by F. Morel, 2 vols.. Paris, 1631; the Catena on the Apocalypse by J. A. Cramer, Oxford, 1840; cf. MPG, cxviii.-cxix. Consult: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grcsca, viii. 692-696, Hamburg, 1802; KL, ix. 708-711; F. Overbeck, in ZWT, vii (1864), 192-201; J. Hergenrother, Photius, iii. 70 sqq., Regensburg, 1869; Krumbacher, Geschichte, pp. 131-133; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, fasc. xxviii., col. 1747.
OEDER, fj'der, GEORG LUDWIG : Protestant exegete and Biblical critic; b. at Schopfloch near Dinkelsbuhl (56 m. n.e. of Stuttgart) Jan. 28, 1694; d. at Feuchtwangen (6 m. n. of Dinkelsbuhl) Apr. 24, 1760. He received his education at Jena, taking his degree of master in theology in 1714; became the assistant of his father, who was pastor at Schopfloch; was later professor at the gymnasium at Heilbronn, whence he passed to the Ansbach gymnasium in a similar capacity, becoming director in 1730; in 1737 he reentered the ministry as pastor at Feuchtwangen. His writings are very numerous, deal mostly with the Scriptures, and are semi-rationalistic in tone, anticipating in some respects the work of later advanced criticism. Among his works mention may be made of Disputatio de lege sub Christi adventum cessante (Jena, 1715); Disputatio de Bileamo veniam eundi non obtinente ad Num. xxii. 20 (1715), these two reedited in Observationes sacra; ad varia eaque diffi.ciliora Scriptural sacroe loca (1715-16); Syntagma observationum sacrarum (Ansbach, 1729; a collec-