THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
from other Protestant denominations applying for orders, though it is dispensed with in the case of priests from the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches.
The Lutheran and Reformed Churches have always acknowledged and practised ordination; but their confessions and theologians have justly laid stress upon the necessity of the divine
Other Prot- call or vocation to the ministry. The estant Augsburg Confession says (art. xiv.),
Churches. " No one may teach publicly in the Church, or administer the sacraments, except he be rightly called " (rite vocatus). Ordination is regarded as the Church's solemn approval and public attestation of this inward call. Besides the laying on of hands it includes the Scripture lesson from I Tim. ii. and Acts xx., the pledge to evangelical ministration and conduct, and closes with the Eucharist. In the churches of the Reformed communion (Presbyterian, etc.) the rite is administered by presbyters, who combine in laying their hands upon the head of the candidate while prayer is offered, and thus setting him apart for the ministry. The Moravians confine the right to ordain to their bishops, but recognize the ordination of other Protestant bodies as valid. The Disciples of Christ, Quakers, and Plymouth Brethren do not recognize any human rite of ordination. They hold all Christians to be equal, and, while they fully accept the doctrine of a divine and inward call to preach, refuse to grant any efficacy to the human ordinance of setting apart for ministerial functions. See also Clergy; Laying On op Hands; Orders, Holy; also Bishop; Deacon; Episcopacy; Presbyter; Priest; etc.
Bibliography: The best single article is in DC A, ii. 1501- 1520 (exhaustive); L. Thomassin, Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de I'eglise, 3 vols., Paris, 1725; E. Martene, De antiquis ecclesice ritibus, 3 vols., Antwerp, 1736-37; Bingham, Origines, book iv.; T. Kliefoth, Liturgische Abhandlungen, vol. i., Schwerin, 1854; C. Hodge, Discussions in Church Polity, New York, 1878; G. Rietschel, Luther und die Ordination, Wittenberg, 1889; KL, ix. 1026-27; T. Kolde, in TSK, 1894.
ORDINATION CONTROVERSY. See Knipstro,
Johannes.
ORDING, JOHANNES: Norwegian theologian; b. at Drammen (22 m. s.w. of Christiania) Jan. 19, 1869. He was educated at the University of Christiania (B.A., 1886; candidate in theology, 1893); became chaplain at the Johannnes-Kirke, Christiania (1893); resigned to pursue studies in systematic theology (1900); competed in 1903 for the chair of systematic theology in the University of Christiania, but was rejected as being anticonfessional in his view of the sacraments, though his scholarship was regarded as superior; in a new competition he was successful because of the yielding of government and faculty (1906) in the " professor controversy " which raged over the appointment of men holding " anticonfessional " views to chairs in the university. The result was the retirement of Sigurd Vilhelm Odland (q.v.), with the formation of a new independent faculty. Ording is a conservative Ritschlian. His writings are contained in current theological journals.
JOH^f O. Evjen.
ORDO ROM ANUS: In the ecclesiastical language of the Middle Ages, a directory of church rites, giving the order and arrangement of the different ceremonies, but not the liturgical text. By the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name Ordo began to be replaced in current usage by the term Ceremoniale, and is now applied only to a small book published each year for the clergy and others who recite the daily office, specifying the exact service for each day in the year. The ancient ordines extant are all of a more or less Roman character. The matter contained in them is now divided between the Ceremoniale Romanum and the Ceremoniale episcoporum. The former was drawn up in 1488 by Augustinus Patricius Piccolomini, but first printed at Venice in 1516; the latter was published in 1600 by Clement VIII., and enlarged later by- Innocent X. and Benedict XIII. and XIV. The following is a list of the more important ordines Romani. (1) The so-called Ordo Romanus vulgaris, first published by G. Cassander (Cologne, 1559 and 1561); it contains the entire liturgy, and can hardly be older than the tenth century. (2) The fifteen ordines published by Mabillon in his Museum Italicum (vol. ii., Paris, 1689), and usually quoted by his numbers. The first six contain the pontifical mass, and are of different dates. Grisar and Probst ascribe no. 1 to the time of Gregory the Great, Duchesne to the ninth century; Amalarius of Metz comments on it about 830. The next five are decidedly later. No. 7 deals with baptism, nos. 8 and 9 with ordination; no. 10 combines a variety of different rites, such as the liturgy for the last three days of Holy Week, confession, visitation and communion of the sick, and extreme unction. No. 11 contains the papal liturgy for the whole year; it was drawn up before 1143 by Benedict, canon of St. Peter's, and adopted by Guido of Castello, later Celestine II. No. 12 was compiled by Cardinal Cencio de' Sabelli, later Honorius III., and contains the papal rites from Advent to Holy Cross Day, besides various papal functions, and the rites for the election and consecration of a pope and the coronation of an emperor. No. 13 was compiled by order of Gregory X. (1272); it deals with the election and with the functions of the pope, as does no. 14 in more detail; according to Mabillon this latter is to be ascribed to Cardinal James Cajetan (first half of the fourteenth century). No. 15, covering the ceremonies of the entire ecclesiastical year, was compiled by Peter Amelius, bishop of Sinigaglia (d. 1398). (3) Besides these, Duchesne has published a number of other important ordines, including nine out of a Parisian manuscript of about 800 (Origines du culte Chretien, 2d ed., Paris, 1898, pp. 439-471); and others are found'in M. Gerbert, Monumenta veteris liturgia Alemannice (4 parts, St. Blaise, 1777-79), and E. Martene, De antiquis ecclesim ritibus (3 vols., Rouen, 1700-02) and Thesaurus novus anecdotorum (5 vols., Paris, 1717). (P. Drews.)
Bibliography: V. Thalhofer, Handbuch der katholischen Liturgik, i. 41-44, Freiburg, 1883; F. Probst, Die. aUesten romischen Sakramentarien und Ordines, pp. 386-422, Miinster, 1892; L. Duchesne, Origines du culte chretien, pp. 146-150, Paris, 1903; G. Rietschel, Lehrbuch der Liturgik, i. 346-347, Berlin, 1900; Meckel, in Tiibinger Zeitschri!t, 1862, pp. 50-83; Grisar, in ZKT, ix (1885), 409-421 x (1886), 727 sqq.; KL, ix. 1027-42.