THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
notes and literature which are given); MGH, Concilia, i (1893), 1-14. Consult: Bouquet, Recueil, iv. 103-104; D. Lobineau, Les Saints de Bretagne, i. 131-134, Paris, 1836; E. Bimbenet, Les Conciles d'Orlians consideris eomme sources de droit coutoumier, pp. 743—744, ib. 1864; G. Kurth, Clovis, ii. 131-154, ib. 1901.
ORME, WILLIAM: Scotch Congregationalist; b. at Falkirk (25 m. n.w. by w. of Edinburgh) Feb. 3, 1787; d. at London (?) May 8, 1830. He entered upon the study of theology in 1805; became Congregational minister of Perth, 1807; and, removing to London, was appointed pastor at Camberwell Green, and foreign secretary to the London Missionary Society. He wrote An Historical Sketch of the Translation and Circulation of the Scriptures from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (Perth, 1815); Memoirs of John Owen (London, 1820); Life of William Kiffin (1823); Memoirs, Let-
ters, and Remains of J. Urquhart (2 vols.,
1827); Life of Richard Baxter, prefixed to his Works (1830); and especially, Bibliotheca Biblica: A Select List of Books on Sacred Literature, with Notices, Biographical, Critical, and Bibliographical (Edinburgh, 1824).
Bibliography: Evangelical Magazine, 1830, pp. 253 sqq., 289 sqq.; DNB, xlii. 257-258.
ORMUZD AND AHRIMAN. See Zohoasteh,
ZoROASTRIANISM.
ORNAMENTS: An ecclesiastical term which comprehends the articles actually used in the church service, especially of the Anglican Church. The usual sense involving something decorative is here entirely absent, and the term is technical, covering vestments (see Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical), books (as the Homilies, q.v.), cloths, chalices, patens, communion tables, and the like. The question of what are legal ornaments has led to much litigation in England, with the result that the demarcation between those permitted and those forbidden is practically settled (See Ritualism). Bibliography: J. H. Blunt, Annotated Book of Common Prayer, pp. 67-74, 86, New York, 1908; C. H. H. Wright and C. Neil, Protestant Dictionary, pp. 482-491, London, 1904; F. Procter and W. H. Frere, A New Hist, of the Book of Common Prayer, pp. 360-367 et passim, London, 1905.
OROSIUS, o-ro'si-trs, PAULUS: Patristic writer; b. at an uncertain date in Galicia, probably at Bracara, the modern Braga (35 m. n.e. of Oporto), in Portugal; d. after 418. The forename Paul is not evident before the eighth century. In 414 he is mentioned as presbyter in Africa, where he presented to Augustine a Commonitorium de errore Priscillianistarum et Origenistarum; which Augustine answered with the tract, Ad Orosium contra Priscillianistas et Origenistas. During a journey to the East, in 415, he appeared before Bishop John of Jerusalem as accuser of Pelagius (see Pelagius, Pelagian Controversies), and defended his own position in the Liber apologeticus, addressed to the presbyters of Jerusalem. On his homeward journey, he took with him a portion of the first martyr Stephen's relics, just then discovered; but left them on the Island of Minorca, and returned to Africa. While in Africa he wrote, probably before 418, the historical work which made his name famous: Historiarum adversus paganos. This was
written at the request of Augustine, who was preparing his great work De civitate Dei and desired historical proof from Orosius to the effect that humanity had been worse beset with war, sickness, and other natural calamities before the Christian era than at that time. By this means it was purposed to confute the pagans' reproach that Christianity was the cause of the contemporary wos. This book, which covered a vast field of original sources (Caesar, Livy, Suetonius, Florus, Justin, Eutropius, Eusebius, Jerome, and others), was widely used during the Middle Ages as a guide to universal history. Even to-day, the same is extant in nearly 200 manuscripts. The best edition is that of Zangemeister, in CSEL, vol. v. (Vienna, 1882; smaller edition, Leipsic, 1889); it is also in MPL, xxxi. 663, 1216. The Commonitorium is in MPL, xlii. 665-670, and, ed. G. Schepss, in CSEL, vol. xviii. (Vienna, 1889). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: For editions and literature cf. Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 882-883. An Anglo-Saxon translation of the Historiarum was made by King Alfred, ed. with Eng. transl. by D. Barrington, London, 1773; B. Thorpe, ib. 1854; and J. Bosworth, ib. 1856; and in Bohn's Antiquarian Library. Consult: T. de Morner, De Orosius vita ejusque historiarum libris vii., Berlin, 1844; P. B. Gams, Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, ii. 1, pp. 398—411, Regensburg, 1864; C. Paucker, Die Latinitat des Orosius, Berlin, 1883; A. Ebert, Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 337-344, Leipsic, 1889; W. S. Teuffel, Geschichte der romischen Litteratur, ed. L. Schwabe, pp. 1165-68, ib. 1890; Ceillier, Auteurs sacris, ix. 356-357, x. 1-6; DCB, iv, 157- 159.
ORPEN, RAYMOND D'AUDEMER: Church of Ireland; b. at Dublin Aug. 31, 1837. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1859; M.A., 1864; D.D., 1907); was made deacon in 1860 and priest in 1861; was curate of Rathronan, 1860-62, of Holy Trinity, Limerick, 1862-63, of Tralee, 1863-67, and of Adare, 1867-69; rector of Tralee, 1869-1907; precentor of Ardfert, 1878-85, also rural dean of Tralee; archdeacon of Arfert, 1885-1907; chaplain to the bishop of Limerick, 1894-1907; canon of Taney at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1905-07; canon of Effin in St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, 1906-07; and was consecrated lord bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe, 1907.
ORR, JAMES: United Free Church of Scotland; b. at Glasgow Apr. 11, 1844. He was graduated from the university of his native city (M.A., 1870) and the Theological Hall of the United Presbyterian Church (1872). He was minister of East Bank United Presbyterian Church, Hawick (1874- 1891); professor of church history in the Theological College of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland (1874-1901). Since 1901 he has been professor of apologetics and theology in Glasgow College of the United Free Church. He has lectured repeatedly in the United States under the auspices of various theological seminaries, at Chicago in 1895, at Alleghany and Auburn in 1897, at Princeton in 1903, and in Toronto in 1909, and was also one of the chief promoters of the union between the Free and United Presbyterian Churches in Scotland. Among his numerous writings, special mention may be made of his preparation of homilies on Exodus, Deuteronomy, II Kings, and Hosea for The Pulpit