THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tetus atheus, in 1620). Osiander became known by his contest with the Giessen Kenotists (see Kenosis), and his theological denunciation of Johann Arndt's Wahres Christentum, 1623, which he termed a " book of hell," because he found in it papistical, monastical, ecstatic, Flacian, Calvinistic, Schwenkf elder, and Weigelian heresies; at the same time pronouncing all subjective oracles and revelations to be mere delusion. His sweeping judgment of Arndt is unfair and was not approved either by the Lutherans of his own province or those of others. Meldenius rightly observes that Christ himself stands on Arndt's side, not on the side of Osiander's scholastic theology.
5. Johann Adam Osiander: Nephew of the two next preceding; b. at Vaihingen (15 m. n.w. of Stuttgart) Dec. 3, 1622; d. at Tubingen Oct. 26, 1697. In 1656 he became extraordinary professor of theology, and professor of the Greek language at Tubingen; ordinary professor in 1660; and chancellor of the university in 1680. Esteemed by his contemporaries as the " eye of the Lutheran Church, " he was on friendly terms with Spener, and an opponent of Cartesianism, syncretism, and unionism.
6. Johannes Osiander: Son of the preceding ; b. at Tubingen Apr. 22, 1657; d. there Oct. 18, 1724. His theological course at Tubingen was supplemented by extensive journeys abroad, and a sojourn of two years in Paris. In 1686 he was appointed professor of the Hebrew language and geography at Tubingen; professor of the Greek language and philosophy, 1688; ephorus of the theological scholarships, 1692; abbot of Konigsbronn, 1697; of Hirsau, 1699; and director of the consistorium, 1708. He introduced confirma tion, 1721- 1723. Being a man of large attainments in languages and possessing a wide knowledge of the world, he was often entrusted with diplomatic missions, and in 1688 managed to prevent both Tubingen and Stuttgart from being plundered by the French.
7. Johann Rudolf Osiander: Son of the preceding; b. at Tubingen May 21, 1689; d. Oct. 25, 1725. He was professor of theology at Tubingen, 1720, and was known as an opponent of Christian Wolf.
8. Johann Ernst Osiander: Biblical scholar; b. at Stuttgart June 23, 1792; d. at Goppingen Apr. 3, 1870. He became professor at the theological seminary in Maulbronn, 1824; dean at Goppingen, 1840. He was a profound Swabian Biblical theologian, well versed in the Scriptural theology of Menken, and his commentaries on I-II Corinthians (1849-58) belong to the best of their time.
G. Bosseet. Bibliography: The earlier literature on Andreas is given in Wilken, Andreas Osianders Leben, Lehre und Schriften, Stralsund, 1844, and in A. Moller, Andreas Osianders Leben und ausgewahlte Schriften, Elberfeld, 1870. Consult further: J. A. Osiander, Gens Osiandrina, Tubingen, 1820; C. Ulenberg, Geschichte der lutherischen Reformatoren M, Luthers und A. Osianders, vol. ii., Mainz, 1837;
Schmidt, Johannes Osiander, Tubingen, 1843; Heberle. in TSK, 1844, pp. 371 sqq.; F. C. Baur, Christliche Lehre von der Versohnung, pp. 316 sqq., Tubingen, 1838; A. Ritsehl, Rechtfertigung und Versohnung, i. 723 sqq., 1882, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1872; idem, Geschichte des Pietismus, ii. 325 sqq., 3 vols., Bonn, 1880-86; R. F. Grau, He A. Osandri doctrina commentatio, Marburg, 1860 ; Lehmann, Stammtafel der Familie Osianders, Konigsberg, 1890; ADB, xxiv. 473 sqq.
OSMUND (OSMOND, OSMER), SAINT: Bishop of Salisbury; b. in Normandy; d. Dec. 3, 1099. He went to England with his uncle, William the Conqueror, and was by him made bishop of Salisbury in 1078. His Liber ordinalis, or Liber consuetudinarium ecclesice, concerning the forms and ceremonies of divine worship, known as the " Sarum Use,'' was very widely adopted in Great Britain and Ireland, and was continued in use down to the time of Henry VIII. He was canonized by Calixtus III. in 1457.
Bibliography: The Register of St. Osmund was edited by W. if. R. Jones in Rolls Series, no. 78, 2 vols., 1883-84. For his life consult: ASB, Jan., i. 77; DNB, xlii. 313-315; S. H. Cassan, Lives and Memoirs of the Bishops of Sherborne and Salisbury, pp. 109-120, Salisbury, 1824.
OSNABRUECK, os'na-briik", BISHOPRIC OF:
An ancient bishopric in the present kingdom of Prussia. This part of the early Saxon territory was converted apparently by the missionary work of the monasteries of Meppen and Visbeck, founded in the reign of Charlemagne, while the origin of the bishopric probably falls in that of Louis the Pious — possibly in the third decade of the ninth century, if the Bishop Geboinus who took part in a synod at Mainz in 829 is identical with Gefwin of Osnabriick, the first in the list of incumbents of the see. The northern districts of Westphalia formed the jurisdiction of the diocese. (A. Hattck.)
The best-known of the bishops of the period prior to the Reformation was Benno II. (1068-88), a zealous supporter of Henry IV and his companion in the journey to Canossa. The fifty-fourth bishop, Francis von Waldeck (1532-53) accepted the Reformation. His successor, John IV. von Hoya (1553- 1574), held to the old faith, but was able to do little for it, and the see was occupied by Protestant incumbents from 1574 to 1624. Francis von Wartenburg, however (1624-61), supported by the troops of Tilly, carried out the principles of the Counter-Reformation with a strong hand until a Swedish army appeared before the gates in 1633. The town was under Swedish government until the Peace of Westphalia (q.v.), by which it was provided that thenceforth there should be alternately a Roman Catholic bishop and one of the Augsburg Confession. The latter was to be taken always from the house of Brunswick-Liineburg, and during his administration the Roman Catholic population was to be subject in spirituals to the archbishop of Cologne. By the settlement of 1803 it passed to Hanover, in 1806 to Prussia, the next year to the new kingdom of Westphalia, in 1810 to France, and in 1814 back to Hanover. As for the ecclesiastical relations, the ancient Roman Catholic diocese was reerected in 1857, and made immediately subject to the pope, the bishop being ex officio apostolic provicar of the northern missions.
Bibliography-: Much of the literature under Muenster, Bishopric op, is pertinent. Consult further1: C. Stiive, Geschichte des Hochstifts OsnabriXck, Jena, 1853; J. C. Moller, Geschichte der Weihbischbfe von Osnabriick, Lingen, 1887; F. Philippi, Osnabrucker Urkundenbuch, Osnabriick, 1892 sqq.; F. Jostes, Kaiser- und Konigsurkunden des Osnabrucker Landes, Munster, 1899; A. Wurm, Osnabriick, seine Geschichte, Bow und Kunstdenkmaler, Osnabriick, 1901.