THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Preacher, Cincinnati, 1910; F. Dorfmann, Ausgestaltung der Pastoraltheologie zur Universitatsdisziplin und ihre Weiterbildung, Vienna, 1910.
PASTORELS (PASTOUREAUX, PASTORELLS):
The name given to two singular movements in France in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Into northern France in the year 1251 came a man called Master Jacob of Hungary, who was skilled in Latin, German, and French, with the gifts of a demagogue but without the talent of a real leader. He affirmed that he was sent of God to lead a new crusade to the Holy Land, the forces to be composed not of knights but of the more lowly. To him the people flocked, especially shepherds (whence the name of the movement; Lat. pastor), to the number of 100,000, divided into fifty companies. He professed to receive visions and visits from angels. At first countenance was given by the noble of the land; even the queen mother, then regent, hoped that Louis IX., who was in captivity in the East, would be released by these people. But the movement soon assumed a revolutionary or riotous character, attacked Jews, and at length the clergy, by whom the ban was pronounced, and at last came to open blows, and in one of these assaults Jacob lost his life. At first the intention was doubtless genuine to make a crusade; but as the attached masses grew, the social ferment led to the anticlerical issue.
A similar and like-named movement took place two generations later, also connected with the thought of the crusades. In 1319 Philip V proposed to the pope a crusade, which the pope rejected as inopportune. But the people took up the idea, and women and children participated in the gatherings. Some of the participants were imprisoned but forcibly released. Revolutionary movements followed, Jews and even Christians and churches were attacked. From Paris to Toulouse and Carcassonne the country was affected, and in 1320 Avignon was threatened. Then the seneschal of Carcassonne assembled troops, and the movement ended with a considerable number of executions. (S. M. DEUTSCHf.) Bibliography: Sources are the writings of Matthew of Paris and the Continuator Nangii of William of Nangis. Consult: Bouquet, Recueil, vols, xx.-xxiii.; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 57-68, vii. 64-65; J. C. L. Sismondi, Hist, des Francais, vols, vii., ix., 31 vols., Paris, 1821-44; and Roricht, in ZKG, vi. 290-296.
PATARENES (PATARINI, PATERINI): A reform party at Milan in the eleventh century. Stormy times prevailed at Milan under Archbishop Aribert (1018-45), resulting in a limitation of the archbishop's power. Upon the death of Henry III. in 1056, disturbances broke out afresh, and at times centered upon ecclesiastical and religious affairs. Arialdo, a Milanese deacon of the Valvassors, took notice of the contradiction between the divine law and the contemporary worldly behavior of the clergy. He was seconded by Landolfo, of the captains' gild, a man of eminent oratorical powers; by the presbyter Anselm, who ascended the episcopal throne of Lucca in 1057; and by the wealthy mintmaster Nazarius. That the clergy of Milan, in the matters of unchastity and simony, were worse than those of other Italian cities can not be charged;
but the degree of exasperation here was unparalleled in bitterness, and led to an open advocacy of revolution. The property of the refractory clergy was abandoned to the plunder of the mob; and presently the combined populace, composed mostly of the lowest orders, of paupers, debtors, and artizans but including some of the middle class as well, rose against the clergy. Landolfo hazarded a riotous disturbance of a divine service conducted by the archbishop himself; the clergy were compelled to bind themselves in writing to live a chaste life; those married were withdrawn from the altars, and their dwellings were stormed. By order of Victor II. a synod was convened at Fontanetum near Novara; but Arialdo and Landolfo were not to be intimidated by the ban imposed upon them. On the contrary, they proceeded to organize their followers. From their opponents they received the designation Pataria: a term probably derived from a quarter in the heart of Milan, where yet in the eighteenth century there was a street occupied by handlers of old clothes (called patarid). Under Stephen IX. this Patarenian movement received a renewed impetus; the decree of Fontanetum was ignored, and by sending Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.), the apostolic see openly made known its sympathies. Nicholas II. (q.v.) entrusted a deputation to Milan, in 1059, to Peter Damian and Anselm of Lucca (qq.v.), who humiliated the Milanese church by an unreserved partizanship with the Patarenes. On the death of Landolfo Erlembaldo took his place. Under his leadership the Patarenian forces obtained accessions from the upper classes; and they renewed their attack upon the married and simoniacal clergy and their worship. They were supported by the authority of Rome, and well might Erlembaldo regard himself as the agent of Rome, since Alexander II. had commissioned him with the power of excommunication as the champion of the Church. The open conflict between the Patarenes and their opponents broke out in 1066. The Patarenian rabble ill-treated Archbishop Guido in the cathedral, and then stormed the archiepiscopal palace. These violent excesses led to a powerful reaction on the part of the other citizens. Archbishop Guido was enabled to proclaim an interdict upon the city and forced Arialdo to retreat. Soon afterward, the latter was assassinated, but in the following year (1067) Erlembaldo had rallied his faction by means of new sworn pledges, so that he could resume the riotous activities. When Archbishop Guido abdicated, the Patarenes, pursuant to Hildebrand's counsel, extended their reform to abolishing the royal investiture. When Godfrey, the successor of Guido, had returned from Germany with an investiture from Henry IV., he found it impossible to enter upon his office. Erlembaldo was emboldened, in the presence of a Roman legate, to direct the election, in 1072, of a young cleric of Milan, Atto by name, as archbishop. But Henry IV., refusing assent, procured the consecration of Godfrey at Novara. Gregory VII., friend and adviser of the Patarenes, at the beginning of his pontificate gave promise of a pacific understanding with the king with reference to the diocesan strife at Milan; this did not, however, jeopardize Gregory's relations with Erlembaldo.