THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1S2S Leo XII. admitted him to the list of the doctores ecclesice. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: The Opera of Peter, ed. C. Cajetan, were published 3 vols., Rome, 1606-15, 4 vols., Paris, 1663, with two lives, also 1743, and Venice, 1783, and are in MPL, cxliv.-cxlv. His " Glory of Paradise " appeared in English, London, 1857. Of his life, besides the accounts in the Opera, ut sup., and in ASB, Feb., iii. 406 sqq., there are sketches by: J. Laderchi, Rome, 1702; A. Vogel, Jena, 1856; A. Capecelatro, Florence, 1862; F. Neukirch, Gottingen, 1875; A. Wambera, Breslau, 1S75; and J. Kleinermanns, Steyl, 1882. Consult further: J. Fehr, in Oesterreichische Vierteljahrschrift filr katholische Theologie, vii (1868), 189-240; E. Steindorff, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III., 2 vols., Leipsic, 1874-81; H. C. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, chap, xii., Boston, 1S84; F. W. E. Roth, in Studien und Mittheilen cus dem Benediktinerorden, vii.— viii., 1886-87; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, vol. iii., Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Pvblizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., Leipsic, 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, vol. iv. passim, London, 1896; W. F. Barry, The Papal Monarchy 690-1803, New York, 1902; Neander, Christian Church, vol. iii., passim (valuable); Schaff, Christian Church, vol. v., part 1, passim; KL, ix. 1904-08; the literature under the articles on the popes named in the text and under Flagellation.
PETER THE DEACON: The name of several men of considerable note in ecclesiastical history or literature.
1. One of the Scythian monks who was sent to Rome in connection with the theopaschite controversy under Pope Hormisdas (q.v.). He wrote De incarnatione et gratia domini nostri Jesu Christi (MPL, Lxii. 83 sqq.), addressing it to Fulgentius of Ruspe (q.v.), and aimed in it to oppose the Scythian monks and especially the doctrine of Faustus of Riez concerning grace. Fulgentius replied in his Epist., xvii. (MPL, Ixv. 451 sqq.). The De incarnatione is often printed among the works of Augustine or Fulgentius.
2. Saint, and pupil and friend of Gregory the Great; d. at Rome c. 605. He was one of the stimuli which operated in the production of the works of Gregory, being especially influential in urging that Father to produce his Dialogorum libri iv. He was the sponsor for the story that the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove often hovered over Gregory (cf. ASB, March, ii. 211).
3 . Peter of Monte Cassino, often known as Peter the subdeacon of St. Januarius at Naples. He lived in the tenth century, and was active in the compilation of hagiologies, among other works being part author of the Vita et translatio Athanasii episcopi Neapoleos. He had a namesake at Naples about 1100 who translated legends of the saints from the Greek.
4. The most important of the name is another Peter of Monte Cassino, often called " the Librarian " (Bibliothecarius). He was of high birth, and in 1115 entered the abbey at Monte Cassino to receive his education; he left there about 1127, and did not return till 1136, and then as the chief partizan of Reinald, who had just been chosen abbot, opposing in this Innocent II. He became chaplain and then secretary of Emperor Lothair II., and was satisfied with this place; but he was desired at Monte Cassino, and returned thither to take charge of the archives, to which he furnished an index which became celebrated. Alexander III. named him abbot of Venosa. He continued the
" Chronicle " of Leo Marsicanus; wrote De viris illustrious Casinensibus; De locis Sanctis; the rhythm De novissimis; and is regarded as the author of Anastasii Chronicon Casinense (in Muratori Scriptores, ii. 351 sqq.). His other works are in MPL, clxxiii. 439 sqq.
Bibliography: A list of the editions of the works of the last-named is given in Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 919-920. Consult further: U. Balzano, Le Cronache Italiane nel medio evo, Milan, 1884; Wattenbach, DGQ, i (1893), 86 ii. 236, 237, 492, 498; and E. Caspar; Petrus Diaconus und die Monte Cassineser Falschungen, Berlin, 1909.
PETER OF DRESDEN: Reputed refugee in Bohemia; d. about 1440. ^Eneas Silvius in his history of Bohemia relates that the distribution of the communion in both kinds by the pastor of the Church of S. Michael in Prague, Jacob of Mies (q.v.), was at the suggestion of a certain Peter of Dresden, a German by birth who had once studied in Prague and had left the university in 1409, but having been afterward driven from his native land on account of the Waldensian heresy had returned to Prague. Not only are good historical sources silent on Peter of Dresden; but the monk Nicolaus von Lacu (d. 1380) had already demanded both kinds of the communion. It is evident that the report that Peter of Dresden was the originator of this practise in Bohemia was an invention intended to make it unpopular among the Bohemians. Another story about Peter appearing in the seventeenth century was that he was the author of the macaronic church hymns, and, more particularly, of the hymn " In dulci jubilo." Hoffman von Fallersleben suggests that as Jacob of Mies wrote hymns in the popular dialect and sought to introduce them into the Roman liturgy, iEneas Silvius secured also this reputation for Peter of Dresden. It may be doubted if there was such a person, yet F. Palacky properly suggests that those who were responsible for naming the originator of communion in both kinds would hardly have referred to any one not known to contemporaries. It seems to be certain that Peter of Dresden was school-master at Prague for a time and was driven out. (Ferdinand Cohrs.) Bibliography: J. G. Schreiber, De Petro Dresdensi, Leipsic, 1678; J. Thomasius, Curiose Gedancken vom Dressdnischen Peter, Leipsic, 1702; F. Palacky, Geschichte von Bohmen, III., i. 333, Prague, 1845; K. Hofler, Geschichtschreiber der hussitischen Bewegung, 3 vols., Vienna, 1856- 1866; E. H. Gillet, Life and Times of John Huss, i. 38, 483, 519, Philadelphia, 1861.
PETER THE FULLER. See Monophysites, §§ 4 sqq.
PETER THE HERMIT: B. at Amiens in the middle of the eleventh century; d. in the monastery of Neumoustier, at Huy (25 m. s.s.w. of Liege), Belgium, July 7, 1115. In 1093 he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and brought back a letter from Simeon, patriarch of Jerusalem, to Pope Urban II. in which an appeal was made to deliver the Christians from the indignities they suffered at the hands of the Mohammedans. In delivering this letter Peter confirmed it by his own experiences and recited the sufferings of other pilgrims. His address made a great impression upon the pope. He also awakened interest as he told his story on bis way back to Amiens. He was present at Cler-