RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Philip of Hesse Philippi
Der schmalkaldische Bund, 1530-32, Strasburg, 1892; G. Turba, Verhaftung und Gefangenschaft des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen, Vienna, 1896; S. Issleib, Die Gefangennahme des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen, Hamburg, 1899; Philipp des Grossmiitige, Beitrage zur Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Zeit, Marburg, 1901; Festschrift zum Geddchtnis Philipps der Grossmutigen, Cassei, 1904; Schenk, Philip der Grossmiitige, Landgrafen von Hessen {1504-67), Frankenberg, 1904; W. W. Rockwell, Die Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen, Marburg, 1904; Cambridge Modern History, vol. iii. passim, London and New York, 1905; A. von Drach and G. Konnecke, Die Bildnisse Philipps des Grossmutigen, Marburg, 1905; Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vi. passim.
PHILIP THE MAGNANIMOUS. See Philip of Hesse.
PHILIP NERI, SAINT. See Neri, Philip.
PHILIP OF SIDE: Church historian; b. at Side (the modern Eski Adaliah; 92 m. s.w. of Konieh, the ancient Iconium), Pamphylia; nourished about 420. He studied under Rhodon at the catechetical school in Alexandria, and while still a young man became the head of the branch school established by Rhodon, probably at Philip's suggestion, in Side about 405. Later he was a priest in Constantinople, where he was an intimate friend of Chrysostom; and he was a candidate for the patriarchate of Constantinople against Sisinnius (425), Nestorius (428), and Maximianus (431). He seems to have been identical with the Byzantine presbyter Philip, who was commended by Cyril of Alexandria for refusing to associate with the heretical Nestorius, and whom the Alexandrine patriarch sought to reconcile with Maximianus, when the latter succeeded the deposed heresiarch. It is also very possible that Philip may have spent some time in Antioch and Amida.
From the statements of Socrates (Hist, eccl., VII., xxvii.), Photius (Bibliotheca, xxxv.), and Nicephorus (Hist, eccl., xiv. 29) it is clear that Philip of Side was a man of extraordinary learning and diligence, but more diffuse than accurate. Among his numerous books, which dealt with many themes, the most important were his " History of Christianity " and his polemic against the Emperor Julian. Of his writings, however, only scant fragments have survived, these being merely of an average character. A number of his fragments have been edited by Carl de Boor (ZKG, vi. 478-494; TV, v. 165- 184), and his history seems also to have influenced the " Religious Conference at the Sassanid Court " (ed. Eduard Bratke, in TV, xix., part 3, 1899). A few other fragments of Philip's writings are known to exist, and it is possible that he was also the author of the still unedited De tinctura ceris Persici et de tinctura ceris Indici. (E. Bhatke| .)
Bibliography: A. Wirth, Aus orientalischen Chroniken, pp. 208 sqq., Frankfort, 1894; O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 332-333, Freiburg, 1901, Eng. transl., St. Louis, 1908; idem, in KL, ix. 2022-23; F. Kampers, Alexander der Grosse und die Idee des Weltimperiums in Prophetie und Sage, pp. 116-135, Freiburg, 1901; DCB, iv. 356; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, viii. 535.
PHILIP THE TETRARCH (4 b.c-34 a.d.): Son of Herod the Great and of Cleopatra, a woman of Jerusalem. He was educated in Rome. For his tetrarchate and rule see Herod and his Family,
II., § 3. He was a gentle and gracious prince, who always resided in his own territories and was ever ready to give aid and justice to his people. Philip's coins bear the representation of the emperor and the device of a temple, which is more probably the temple of Augustus at Csesarea than the sanctuary at Jerusalem. His reign of thirty-seven years was almost contemporaneous with the life of Jesus, who sometimes traversed Philip's dominions. When the latter died in 33 or 34 a.d., his land became a part of the province of Syria and was administered as an imperial domain.
There is some difficulty in bringing Mark vi. 17 (Matt. xiv. 3) into agreement with Josephus, Ant., xviii. 137, where Philip is said to have married Salome, the daughter of his brother Herod Antipas and of his niece Herodias, while Mark makes Philip the first husband of Herodias herself, and states that she left him to marry Herod. Some interpreters suppose that two sons of Herod the Great bore the name of Philip, one of them being also called Herod ; others again think that there must be some error either in Josephus or in Mark. It is probable that the latter confused two brothers, one of whom was the father and the other the husband of Salome.
E. von Dobschutz. Bibliography: Consult the literature under Herod and his Family, and add to that S. Mathews, Hist, of New Testament Times in Palestine, New York, 1899.
PHILIPPI, fi-lip'pi, FRIEDRICH ADOLPH:
German Lutheran; b. at Berlin Oct. 15, 1809; d. at Rostock Aug. 29, 1882. Although a Jew by birth, he soon began to consider the problem of the truth of Christianity. He became a convert when he was sixteen years old, but out of respect to his parents he was not baptized until four years later. After completing his education at the universities of Berlin (1827-29) and Leipsic (1829-30), he taught at Dresden (1830-32) and Berlin (1833-34), but withdrew from active life to devote himself to the private study of theology, especially dogmatics and exegesis. In 1837 he became privat-docent for theology in the University of Berlin, whence he was called to Dorpat in 1841 as professor of dogmatics and moral theology. Here he took a lively interest in the ecclesiastical questions of the day, contributing much to strengthen the position of Lutheranism in Russian territory. In 1851 he was called to Rostock as professor of New-Testament exegesis, in which capacity he successfully opposed the theology of Johann Hofmann and Michael Baumgarten (qq.v.). In addition to his professorial duties, Philippi was appointed a theological examiner in 1856, and a consistorial councilor in 1874. Among his writings are: De Celsi adversarii Christianorum philosophandi genere (Berlin, 1836); Der thatige Gehorsarn Christi, ein Beitrag zur Rechtfertigungslehre (1841) ; Commentar ilber den Brief Pauli an die Romer (3 parts, Erlangen and Frankfort, 1848-52; Eng. transl. by J. S. Banks, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1878-79); Kirchliche Glaubenslehre (6 vols., Giitersloh, 1854-79); Predigten und Vortrdge (edited by F Philippi, 1883); Symbolik, akademische Vorlesungen (edited by the same, 1883); and ErUarung des Briejes Pauli an die Galater (edited by the same, 1884). (Ferdinand Philippi^)
Philippi Philippine Islands