RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pope
? 157-167 Anicetus
? 168-176 Soter
7 177-189 Eleutherua
? 190-202 Victor I.
202-217 Zephyrinus
218-222 Calixtus or Callistus I.
(Hippolytus, Antipope)
? 222-230 Urbanus I.
? 230-235 Pontianus (resigned in exile)
235-236 Anterus
236-250 Fabianus, Martyr
? 251-252 Cornelius (in exile)
? 251 (Novatianus, Antipope)
252-253 Lucius I.
? 253-257 Stephen I.
? 257-258 Sixtus II.
259-269 Dionysius
269-274 Felix I.
275-283 Eutychianus
283-296 Caius
296-304 Marcellinus
307-309 Marcellus
? 309 Eusebius, d. Sept. 26 (?), 309
310-314 Miltiades (Melchiades)
314-335 Silvester I.
336 Marcus
337-352 Julius I.
352-366 Liberius
355-366 Filix II., Antipope
366 Ursinus, Antipope
366-384 Damasus
384-398 Siricius
398-402 Anastasius
402-417 InnocentTT"
417^118 Zoslmus
418, Dec. 27 [Eulalius, Antipope]
418-122 Boniface I.
422-432 Celestine I.
432-440 Sixtus III.
440-461 Leo I.
461-468 Hilary
468-483 Simplicius
483-492 Felix III.
492-496 Gelasius I.
496-498 Anastasius II.
498-514 Symmachus
498, Nov Laurentius, Antipope
514-523 Hormisdas
523-526 John I.
526-530 Felix IV.
530-532 Boniface II.
530, Sept. 17 . . . . Dioscorus, Antipope
532-535 John II. Mercurius
535-536 Agapetus I.
536-538 Silverius (exiled)
537-555 Vigilius
555-560 Pelagius I.
560-573 John III.
574-578 Benedict I.
578-590 Pelagius II.
590-604 St. Gregory I. (the Great)
604-606 Sabinianus
607 Boniface III.
608-615 Boniface IV.
615-618 Deusdedit
619-625 Boniface V.
625-638 Honorius I.
640. . . Severinus
640-642 John IV.
642-649.. .. .. Theodoras I.
649-655 St. Martin I. (exiled in 654)
654-657 Eugenius I.
657-672 Vitalianus
672-676 Adeodatus
676-678 Donus or Domnus I.
678-681 Agatho
682-683 Leo II.
684-685 Benedict II.
685-686 John V.
686-687 Conon
687-692 Paschal, Antipope
687 Theodoras, Antipope
687-701 Sergius I.
701-705 John VI.
705-707 John VII.
708 Sisinnius
708-715 Constantine I.
715-731 Gregory II.
731-741 Gregory III.
741-752 Zacharias
752 (3 days) . . . . Stephen II.
752-757 Stephen III.
757-767 Paul I.
767-788 Constantine II.
768-772 Stephen IV.
772-795 Adrian I.
795-816 Leo III.
816-817 Stephen V.
817-824 Paschal I.
824-827 Eugenius II.
827 (40 days) . . . . Valentinus
827-844 Gregory IV.
844-847 Sergius II.
847-855 Leo IV.
855-858 Benedict III.
855 Anastasius
858-867 Nicholas L-
867-872 Adrian II.
872-882 John VIII.
882-884 Marinus
884-885 Adrian III.
885-891 Stephen VI.
891-896 Formosus
896 (15 days) Boniface VI.
896-897 Stephen VII.
897 (4 months) . . . . Romanus 897 Theodoras II.
898-900 John IX.
900-903 Benedict IV.
903 (1 month) . . . . Leo V
903-904 Christopher
904-911 Sergius III.
911-913 Anastasius III.
913-May, 914 Lando
914-929 John X. *
928-929 Leo VI.
929-931 Stephen VIII.
931-936 John XI.
936-939 Leo VII.
939-942 Stephen IX.
942-946 Marinus II.
946-955 Agapetus
955-964 John Xll.f
963-965 Leo VIII.
964-965 Benedict V.
965-972 John XIII.
973-974 Benedict VI.
974-983 Benedict VII.
983-984 John XIV.
984-985 Boniface VII.
985-996 John XV.
996-999 Gregory V.
997-998 John XVI.
999-1003 Silvester II.
1003 John XVII.
1003-1009 John XVIII.
1009-1012 Sergius IV.
1012-1024 Benedict VIII.
1012 Gregory VI., Antipope
1024-1033 John XIX.
1033-1045 ■■ Benedict IX. (deposed)
1045-1046 Silvester III.
1044-1046 Gregory VI.
1046-1047 Clement II.
1048 Damasus II.
1049-1054 Leo IX.
1055-1057 Victor II.
1057-1058 Stephen X. (deposed)
1058-1059 Benedict X.
1059-1061 Nicholas II.
1061-1073 Alexander II.
1061 Cadalus (Honorius II.), Antipope
1073-1085 Gregory VII. (Hildebrand)
1080-1100 Wibertus (Clement III.)
1086-1087 Victor III.
* d. in prison after supersession t removed 963.
Pope Pordage
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
10SS-1099. 1099-1118.
1100.
1102. 1105-1111. 1118-1119. 1118-1121. 1119-1124.
1124.
1124-1130. 1130-1143. 1130-1 138.
113S. 1143-1144. 1144-1145. 1145-1153. 1153-1154. 1154-1159. 1159-1181. 1159-1164. 1164-1168. 1168-1 178. 4178-1180. llsl-1185. 1185-1 1ST
1187. 1187-1191. 1191-1198. 1198-1216. 1216-1227 1227-1241.
1241. 1243-1254. 1254-1261. 1261-1264 1265-1268 . 1271-1276.
1276.
1276. 1276-1277 1277-1280. 1281-12S5. . 1285-1287. . 1288-1292 . .
1294. . 1294-1303 . . 1303-1304 . 1305-1314. . 1316-1334.. 1334-1342 . . 1342-1352 . . 1352-1362.. 1362-1370. . 1370-1378.. 1378-1389. . 1378-1394. . 1389-1404. . 1394-1423. . 1404-1406. . 1406-1415. , 1409-1410. . 1410-1415. , 1417-1431..
1417.. 1431-1447. 1439-1449. . 1447-1455. . 1455-1458. , 1458-1464. . 1464-1471 . , 1471-1484. 1484-1492 . 1492-1503.
1503. . i.503-1513. 1513-1521. 1522-1523. 1534-1532..
Urban II.
Paschal II.
Theodoricus, Antipope
Albertus, Antipope
Silvester IV., Antipope
Gelasius II.
Gregory VIII., Antipope
Calixtus II.
Theobaldus Buccapecua (Celes-
tine), Antipope Honorius II. Innocent II. Anacletus II. Victor IV., Antipope Celestine II. Lucius II. Eugenius III. Anastasius IV. Adrian IV Alexander III. Victor IV., Antipope Paschal III., Antipope Calixtus III., Antipope Innocent III., Antipope Lucius III. Urban III. Gregory VIII. Clement III. Celestine III. Innocent III. Honorius III. Gregory IX. Celestine IV. Innocent IV. Alexander IV. Urban IV. Clement IV. Gregory X. Innocent V. Adrian V. John XXI. Nicholas III. Martin IV. Honorius IV. Nicholas IV.
St. Celestine V. (abdicated) Boniface VIII. Benedict XI. Clement V.* John XXII. Benedict XII. Clement VI. Innocent VI. Urban V. Gregory XI. Urban VI. Clement VII. Boniface IX.
Benedict XIII. (deposed 1409) Innocent VII.
Gregory XII. (deposed 1409) Alexander V. John XXIII. (deposed) Martin V. Clement VIII. Eugene IV. Felix V Nicholas V. Calixtus III. Pius II. Paul II. Sixtus IV. Innocent VIII. Alexander VI. Pius III. Julius II. Leo X. Adrian VI. Clement VII.
* Clement V moved the papal see to Avignon in 1309; and his successors continued to reside there for seventy years, till Gregory XI. After that date arose a forty-years' schism between the Roman popes and the Avignon popes.
1534-1549.. 1550-1555. .
1555.. 1555-1559. . 1559-1565. . 1566-1572.. 1572-1585. . 1585-1590..
1590.. 1590-1591. .
1591. . 1592-1605. .
1605. . 1605-1621. . 1621-1623. 1623-1644. 1644-1655. 1655-1667.. 1667-1669.. 1670-1676. 1676-1689.. 1689-1691.. 1691-1700. . 1700-1721.. 1721-1724. 1724-1730. 1730-1740. 1740-1758. 1758-1769. 1769-1774. 1775-1799.. 1800-1823 . . 1823-1829. . 1829-1830. . 1831-1846.. 1846-1878 . . 1878-1903. .
Paul III. Julius III. Marcellus II. Paul IV. Pius IV. Pius V. Gregory XIII. Sixtus V. Urban VII. Gregory XIV. Innocent IX. Clement VIII. Leo XI. • Paul V. Gregory XV. Urban VIII. Innocent X. Alexander VII. Clement IX. Clement X. Innocent XI. Alexander VIII. Innocent XII. Clement XI. Innocent XIII. Benedict XIII. Clement XII. Benedict XIV. Clement XIII. Clement XIV. Pius VI. Pius VII. Leo XII. Pius VIII. Gregory XVI. Pius IX. (longest reign) Leo XIII. Pius X.
Bibliography: For the details of the development of the papacy as for a mass of literature the reader is referred to the articles on the various popes and the bibliographies attached. The chief sources are indicated, as well as the leading treatises, in vol. i., pp. xxii.-xxiii. of this work, where are noted the. histories of the popes by Mann, Pastor, Creighton, Von Ranke, Nielsen, Gregorovius, Bower, Milman, and Mirbt: not to be overlooked is the literature /under such articles as Infallibility; Investiture; 7 Trent, Council of; and Ultramontanism. The sources \ are in the Liber pontificalia; Jaffe, Regesta; J. M. Wat- / terich, Romanorum pontificum vita, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1862; A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, parts i.-xii., Berlin, 1873-75; Regesta Pontificum romanorum, ed. P. F. Kehr, vols., i.-iv., Berlin, 1906-09; and the various collections of bulls, briefs, and the like. A fine lot of original documents is massed in Reich, Documents, pp. 127- 245, and others are scattered in other parts of the work; translations of many of these are found in Thatcher and MeNeal, Source Book, pp. 83-256, 309-340; also, in Henderson, Documents, pp. 267 sqq.; and in F. A. Ogg, Source Book of Mediaeval History, pp. 78 sqq., 261 sqq., 380 sqq. For the history of the papacy in its various relations consult: F. Maassen, Der Primat des Bischofs von Rom und die alien Patriarchalkirchen, Bonn, 1S53; T. Greenwood, Cathedra Petri: a political History of the great Latin Patriarchate, 6 vols., London, 1856-72; A. Westermayer, Das Papstthum in den ersten BOO Jahren, Schaffhausen, 1867-69; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, 3 vols., Berlin, 1867-70; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, 2 vols., Elberfeld, 1868-69; E. Dumont, La Papaute, les premiers empereurs Chretiens et les premiers conciles geniraux, Paris, 1877; P. Lanfrey, Hist, politique des papes, new ed., Paris, 1880; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectee, 5 vols., Regensburg, 1880-85; A. R. Pennington, Epochs of the Papacy, London, 1881; F. Rocquain, La Papaute au moyen Age, Paris, 1881; W. von Gieselbrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 6 vols., Brunswick, 1881 sqq.; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischea Kirche, 4 vols., Bonn, 1881-93; F. Gregorovius, Geschichte des Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1886-96, Eng. transl., London, 1895-1902; M. Souchon, Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII. bis Urban VI., Brunswick, 1888; H. Dopffel, Kaisertum und Papstircchsel unter den Karolingern, Freiburg, 1889; R. F. Littledale, The Petrine Claims, London, 1889; J. J. I. von Dollinger,