THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
464-473), and Canon Liddon. Francis Galton (" Statistical Inquiry into the Efficacy of Prayer," Fortnightly Review, new series, vol. xii., 1872, pp. 125-135) drew attention to the longevity of sovereigns and clergymen, suggested inquiries concerning missionaries and comparison of the death rate at birth of children of praying and non-praying parents, and maintained that insurance companies take no account of prayer as an asset in assuming risks. The interest quickened by this proposal bore fruit in many sermons and in many articles in periodicals in Great Britain and America, some of which were gathered and published in The Prayer Gauge Debate (Boston, 1876). C. A. Beckwith.
Bibliography: The more important articles educed in the discussion are indexed under " Prayer," " Prayer Cure " and " Prayer Test " in Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, i. 2, pp. 1041^12, Boston, 1893. Note should be taken of John Tyndall's Address Delivered before the British Association Assembled at Belfast, London, 1874, New York, 1875, and of Mark Hopkins' Prayer and the Prayer Gauge, New York, 1874.
PRAYER, HOURS OF. See Breviaey; Canonical Hours; Vesper.
PRAYER, WEEK OF. See Evangelical Alliance, § 3.
PREACHING FRIARS. See Dominic, Saint, and the Dominican Order.
I. In the Early Church.
Apostolic and Post-Apostolic
Preaching (§ 1). The Period 200-300 a.d. (§ 2). Greco-Syrian Preaching, 300-450
a.d. (§ 3). Individual Preachers (§4). TiHim Aijubrose, Augustine (§ 5). The GreeTTCtiuiih, Ouutouid (S-6) . The Post-Augustinian Latin Church
(§7).
II. In the Middle Ages.
1. To the Twelfth Century. Characteristics of the Sermon (§ 1). Individual Preachers (§ 2). German and French Pulpit (§ 3).
2. Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. Influences Leading to Improvement
(§1). Characteristics of the Sermon (§2). Preaching of the Mystics (§3). Reformers Before the Reformation
(5 4).
3. Close of the Middle Ages. Frequency and Worth of the Sermon (§ 1).
Individual Preachers (§ 2). III. The Continental Pulpit in Modern Times.
1. The Period of the Reformation. The Controlling Factors (§1). Luther (§ 2).
His Sermons Characterized (§3). Other Lutheran Reformers (§ 4). Zwingli and the Early Reformed
Preachers (§5). The Roman Catholic Pulpit (§ 6).
2. Protestant Orthodox Pulpit, 1580-
1700.
PREACHING, HISTORY OF.
The New Scholasticism (§ 1).
Style and Content of the Sermon (§2).
Individual Names (§ 3).
The Reformed Pulpit (§4).
The Roman Catholic Pulpit (§ 5). . Transformation of the Protestant Pulpit, 1700-1810.
Pietism (§ 1).
Spener and His Followers (§ 2).
Various Schools (§3).
The Moravian Pulpit (§ 4). . Reform of the German Pulpit and the Preaching of Rationalism.
The Conflicting Influences (§ 1).
Mosheim and His School (§ 2).
Entrance of Rationalism (§3).
The Reaction (§4).
The Mediating Pulpit (§5).
Preaching Outside Germany (§ 6). . The Evangelical Pulpit of the Nineteenth Century.
Basal Influences (§ 1).
Schleiermacher (§ 2).
His School (§ 3).
Reminders of Rationalism (§4).
A New Trend (§ 5).
The Confessional Type (§6).
Emphasis on the Practical (§7).
Pietistic Antirationalistic Preaching (§ 8). ■
Individualism Dominant (§ 9).
Modernistic Group (§ 10). . The Recent German Pulpit.
Emphasis on the Practical (§1).
A Composite Group (§ 2). . The Continental Pulpit Outside Germany.
In Scandinavia (§1).
The German-Swiss Pulpit (§ 2). In France and Holland (§3). 8. The Roman Catholic Pulpit. Early Characteristics (§ 1). Later Tendencies (§2). IV. Preaching in the English Tongue.
1. Before the Reformation.
The Anglo-Saxon Period (§1).
The Norman Period (§ 2).
The Pre-Reformation Period (§ 3).
2. The Reformation. General Account (§ 1). English Preachers (§2). The Scotch Preachers (§ 3).
3. The Seventeenth Century. Character of Preaching (§ 1). Leading Preachers (§ 2).
4. The Eighteenth Century in the
British Islands. Survey (§1). Leading Preachers (§ 2).
5. The Eighteenth Century in North
America.
6. The Nineteenth Century in the
British Islands. The First Third of the Century,
1801-1833 (§ 1). Middle of the Century, 1833-1869
(§ 2). Close of the Century, 1869-1900
(§3).
7. The Nineteenth Century in Greater
Britain.
8. The Nineteenth Century in the
United States. Before the Civil War (§ 1). The Civil War and After (§ 2).
9. Twentieth-Century Outlook.
I. In the Early Church: It has occurred not infrequently that those who would give a history of preaching point to the apostolic letters in the New Testament as examples of apostolic homiletics. While these epistles undoubtedly give the form in which the apostles set forth the foundaand P at ° t'°ns of Christian faith, it can not be Apostolic *°° strongly emphasized that they are Preaching. not sermons. The epistolary style governs throughout. This position must be maintained in spite of the newest hypothesis advanced by Wrede and others to the effect that, particularly in the epistle to the Hebrews, and also in other New-Testament writings original addresses to Christian congregations are to be suspected. While this hypothesis has much in its favor, the proof of the existence of oral discourses therein has
not been conclusively advanced. While, then, this idea has largely been given up, the more strongly do expounders of the history of preaching rest upon the discourses of Peter and Paul as reported in the Acts of the Apostles. Yet here difficulties arise, some maintaining that the speeches there reported are to a greater or less degree the product of the author of that book, while others decide that they are a working over of the actual discourses. Even conservative critics, however, agree with the others that the discourses were not exactly taken from the mouth of the speaker and are not exact reproductions of the speeches actually delivered, related as they are in style to other parts of the same book. On the other hand it is to be noted that the discourses have the character of sermons in that they have a direct relation to the concrete situation in