RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Prussia Prynne
zollern. The rest of Prussian territory is divided into exempt dioceses which are immediately subject to the pope, namely, Breslau, Berlin, Ermland, Hildesheim, and Osnabriick. The bishops are chosen by the chapters which have advisory privilege in the administration and are appointed, in the old provinces, partly by the king and partly by the bishop, in the new, alternately by bishop and chapter. The choice of a bishop must meet with the king's approval. The Roman Catholic parish organization was legally fixed by statute of June 20, 1875, but this covers only affairs of property; a layman receives no right to participate in the inner administration. This law demands of every parish the organization of a presiding board and a vestry. Over properties and public institutions and over the church-tax system the state has supervision, the same as over the Evangelical bodies. By statute that went into effect Apr. 1, 1899, the state appropriates for the revocable reinforcement of the salaries of priests of weak churches the sum of 3,438,400 marks. In compensation the state has guarded itself by various laws against the ultramontane encroachments of the Roman Catholics; such as that (Dec. 28, 1845) prohibiting appointment to all priests ordained abroad; that (July 4, 1872) prohibiting the Jesuits; that (May 31, 1875) excluding all Roman Catholic orders from Prussian soil; and that (Feb. 13, 1887) establishing the oath of fidelity for Roman Catholic bishops to king and state. A chaplain-general was reinstated in 1888 who has charge of the Roman Catholic chaplains. See also Los von Rom. (E. von der Goltz.)
Bibliography: On the introduction of Christianity consult as sources: Codex diplomaticus Prussicus, ed. J. Voigt, vols, i.-vi., Konigsberg, 1836-61; Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, vols, i.— v., Leipsic, 1861—74; Preussisches Urkundenbuch, politische Abtheilung, vol. i., part 1, Konigsberg, 1882; Neues prussische Urkundenbuch, part II., Danzig, 1885 sqq.; and the literature given in Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. xxii.-xxiii. Consult further: A. Schott, Prussia Christiana, Danzig, 1738; J. Voigt, Geschichte Preussens von den dltesten Zeiten bis zur Reformation, 9 vols., Konigsberg, 1827-39; M. Toppen, Historisch-komparativa Geographic von Preussen, Gotha, 1858; K. Lohmeyer, Geschichte von Ost- und Westpreussen, part 1, Gotha, 1880 (has almost the value of a source book) ; Hauck, KD; Rettberg, KD; Friedrich, KD; and the literature under Adalbert of Prague.
On modern Prussia as sources consult: E. Friedberg, Die geltende Verfassungsgesetze der evangel.-deutschen Landeskirchen, Freiburg, 1885-92; E. Nitze, Die Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgesetze der evangel. Landeskirche in Preussen, Berlin, 1895; H. Lilge, Gesetze und Verordnungen uber die evangel. Kirchenverfassung, 7th ed., Berlin, 1905; Crisolli and M. Schultz, Verwaltungsordnung filr das kirchliche Vermogen, Berlin, 1904; the works on ecclesiastical law (Kirchenrecht) by H. F. Jacobson, Halle, 1866; P. Hinschius, Berlin, 1869-97; A. L. Richter, 8th ed., Leipsic, 1886; F. H. Vernig, Freiburg, 1893; W. Kahl, Freiburg, 1894; R. Kohler, Berlin, 1895; Gossner, Berlin, 1899; A. Franz, Gottingen, 1899; F. Heiner, Paderborn, 1901; E. Friedberg, 5th ed., Leipsic, 1903; and P. Schoen, Berlin, 1903-06; and the Gesetzsammlung filr die koniglichen preussischen Staaten, an annual published by the Staatsministerium.
The freshest statistical data are to be found for the Protestants in Kirchliches Jahrbuch, ed. J. Schneider (an annual); for the Roman Catholics in H. A. Krose, Kirchliches Handbuch (also annual) ; and the fullest historical statement for recent times is in F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, 5 vols., Berlin, 1901. On the Protestant church consult: A. Mttcke, Der Friede zwischen Stoat und Kirche, 2 vols., Brandenburg, 1882-88; H. F. TJhden, Die Lage der lutherischen Kirche in Deutsch-
land, Hanover, 1883; S. Baring-Gould, The Church in Germany, London, 1891; K. Rieker, Die rechiliche Stellung der evangel. Kirche Deutschlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Stellung bis zur Gegenwart, Leipsic, 1893 ; R. Rocholl, Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland, Leipsic, 1897; G. Goyau, L'Allemagne religieuse. Le Protestantisme, Paris, 1898; P. Schoen, Das Landeskirchentum in Preussen, Berlin, 1898; G. H. Schodde, The Protestant Church in Germany, Philadelphia, 1901; T. Braun, Zur Frage der engeren Vereinigung der deutschen evangel. Landeskirchen, Berlin, 1902; J. Niedner, Grundzilge der Verwaltungsorganization der altpreussischen Kirche, ib. 1902; idem, Die Ausgaben des preussischen Staates filr die evangelische Landeskirche der alteren Provinzen, Stuttgart, 1904; R. Seeberg, Die Kirche Deutschlands iml9. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1903 ; T. Hoffmann, Die Einfuhrung der Union in Preussen und Separation der Altlutheraner, ib. 1903; H. A. Krose, Confessionsstatistik Deutschlands, Freiburg, 1904; E. Kalb, Kirchen und Sekten der Gegenwart, Stuttgart, 1905; E. Forster, Die Entstehung der preussischen Landeskirche unter der Regierung Konig Friedrich Wilhelms III., 2 vols., Tubingen, 1907; M. Bar, Westpreussen unter Friedrich dem Grossen, vols, i.-ii., Leipsic, 1909.
On the Roman Catholic Church consult: H. Bruck, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland, Mainz, 1896-1903; K. Sell, Die Entwickelung der katholischen Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1898; Die katholischen Kirche unserer Zeit und ihrer Diener in Wort und Bild, 2 vols., Munich, 1900; J. May, Geschichte der Generalversammlungen der Katholiken Deutschlands 1848—1902, Cologne, 1903; O. Hegemann, Friedrich der Grosse und die katholische Kirche in den reichsrechtlichen Territorien Preussens, Munich, 1904; P. Goyau, Catholicisme, 1800- 1848, 2 vols., Paris, 1905.
PRUSSIA, REFORMATION IN. See Albert op Prussia.
PRUYSTINCK, LOY. See Loistb.
PRYCE, ROBERT VAUGHAN: English Congregationalist; b. at Bristol Dec. 15, 1834. He was educated at New College, London (B.A., University of London, 1859; M.A., 1861), and held pastorates at Union Street, Brighton (1862-71), Worcester (1871-77), and Stamford Hill, London (1877- 1889). Since 1889 he has been principal and professor of theology in New College, London, and was lecturer in logic and mental and moral science in Cheshunt College, Herts, from 1887 to 1895. He was also a member of the faculty of theology in the University of London and of the senate of the same institution. In theological position he is in general accord with his denomination.
PRYNNE, WILLIAM: Puritan; b. at Swanswick (10 m. e. of Bristol, Somersetshire) in 1600; d. at London Oct. 24, 1669. He was graduated at Oxford University, 1621; studied law; acquired great notoriety by his learned but dull work Histriomastix (London, 1633), against plays, masks, dancing, and the like. For the alleged seditious writing in it he was tried in the Star Chamber (Feb. 7, 1633), and condemned to the loss of his ears, perpetual imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 5,000 pounds. The instigation to this infamous sentence came from Archbishop Laud, whose animosity he had won by writing against Arminianism and the jurisdiction of the bishops. The same court condemned him (June 30, 1637) to branding, and imprisonment in remoter prisons, and another payment of 5,000 pounds, for a fresh seditious and libellous work, News from Ipswich (1639). He was
Psalmanazar Psalmody