THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
consilio Pseudo-Isidoriance collectionis, Gottingen, 1832;
F. C. von Savigny, Geschichte des romischen Rechts itn Mittelalter, ii. 99-106, 478-479, 2d ed., Heidelberg, 1834; MGH, Leg., ed. H. Knust, ii. 2 (1837), 19-39; J. O. Ellendorf, Die Karolinger und die Hierarchie ihrer Zeit, ii. 130- 192, Essen, 1838; A. Mohler, in Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Dollinger, i. 283-347, Jtegensburg, 1839; H. Wasserschleben, Beitrdge zur Geschichte der falschen Decretalen, Breslau, 1844; A. F. Gforer, Untersuchung iiber Alter, Ursprung, Zweck der Decretalen des falschen Isidorus, Freiburg, 1S48; W. B. Wenck, Das frdnkische Reich nach dem Vertrage von Verdun, pp. 382-424, Leipsie, 1851 ; J. Weizsacker, in ZHT, xxviii (1S58), 327-430; idem, in Historische Zeitschrift, iii (1860), 42-96; C. von Noorden, Hinkmar Erzbischof von Rheims, Bonn, 1863; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Der Papst und das Concil, Leipsie, 1869, Eng. transl., The Pope and the Council, Edinburgh, new ed., 1873; H. C. Lea, Studies in Church Hist., pp. 43-102, Philadelphia, 1869; F. Maassen, Geschichte der Quellen und der Literatur des canonischen Rechts im Abendlande, vol. i., pp. xxxi. sqq., 556 sqq., 710-716, 780 sqq., Gratz, 1870; idem, in AM, xviii (1892), 294-302; Thaner, in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy, lxxxix (1878), 601-632; Lapotre, Hadrien II. et les fausses decretales, in Revue des questions historiques, xxvii (1880), 371—431; C. H. Foste, Die Reception Pseudo-I sidors unter Nikolaus I. und Hadrian II., Leipsie, 1881; F. Rocquain, La Papaute au moyen-dge, Paris, 1881; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectm, iii. 256-320, Regensburg, 1882; H. Schrors, Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Rheims, passim, Freiburg, 1884; A. Tardif, Hist, des sources du droit canonique, pp. 132- 158, Paris, 1887; E. Diimmler, Geschichte des ostfrdnkischen Reichs, i. 231-238, vols. ii. — iii. passim, Leipsie, 1887- 1888; P. Fournier, De Vorigine des fausses decretales, St. Dizier, 1889; J. Havet, (Euvres, i. 103 sqq., 271 sqq., 331 sqq., Paris, 1896; Hampel, in NA, xxiii (1897), 180-195;
G. C. Lee, Hincmar, in Papers of the American Society of Church History, viii (1897), 229-260; Werminghoff, in NA, xxv (1900), 361-378; idem, in ADB„ xlviii. 242- 248; Seckel, in NA, xxvi (1900), 37-72; Maronier, De valsche Decretalen, Leeuwen, 1901; F. Lot, Etudes sur le regne de Hugues Capet, pp. 361-375, Paris, 1903; A. Hauck, Der Gedanke der pdpstlichen Weltherrschaft bis auf Bonifaz VIII., pp. 3-7, 12 sqq., 17 sqq., Leipsie, 1904; the works on ecclesiastical law (Kirchenrecht) by G. Phillips, iv. §§ 173-176, ed. of Regensburg, 1851; J. F. von Schulte, Giessen, 1860; A. L. Richter, ed. Dove, §§ 26, 36-39, 43, 53, Leipsie, 1867; F. Walter, §§ 95-99, 14th ed., Bonn, 1871; J. B. Sagmuller, Freiburg, 1900-04; and E. Friedberg, pp. 46-47, 121-124, 281, Leipsie, 1903; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 266—273; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 346 sqq., Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 58-66, v. 398; Hauck, KD, ii. 522-533; KL, x. 600-624; Rettberg, KD, vol. i.; DC A, i. 539-540.
PSYCHICAL RESEARCH AND THE FUTURE LIFE: Psychical research may be defined as the organized and scientific investigation The Field of certain outlying and hitherto unrecof Labor, ognized phenomena — mental and physical— which are on the borderland between spirit and matter. Psychology deals with the operations of the mind under normal conditions; and many modern psychologists treat the subject from a materialistic point of view, i.e., the mind is not studied apart from organization and bodily structure. The interaction and interpenetration of mind and spirit and resultant phenomena, therefore, form the basic material for psychical investigation, which thus attempts to fill a gap in scientific research. These phenomena may roughly be divided into two groups, physical and mental. Under physical phenomena are classed such manifestations as the movement of physical objects without contact, raps with no apparent cause, Poltergeist phenomena (such as occurred in John Wesley's house, in which bells were rung, crockery broken, and the like, without apparent cause), and so on. Under mental
phenomena are classed telepathy, premonition and prevision, clairvoyance, apparitions at the moment of death and after death, trance utterance and automatic writing, and kindred phenomena. In the former class the physical world is affected; in the latter class it is not.
Whether such phenomena really exist, or whether they are one and all figments of the imagination was the question to be settled. A The Prob- group of earnest thinkers gathered tolem; the gether at Cambridge, England, in 1881 Societies, to discuss this question, and in 1882 the English Society for Psychical Research was founded. An American branch was inaugurated in 1888 under the general supervision of Richard Hodgson, LL.D., and continued until his sudden death in 1905, when the present independent American Society, under James Hervey Hyslop, Ph.D., was incorporated. The founders of the English Society were Prof. Henry Sidgwick, Frederic William Henry Myers, Edmund Gurney — all of Cambridge — and Prof. W. F. Barrett, of the University of Dublin. Prof. Sidgwick was its first president. Since that date, such illustrious names have appeared on the society's membership roll as Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir William Crookes, Prof. Joseph John Thomson, the Rt. Hon. Arthur James Balfour, Prof. William James, Lord Rayleigh, the Rt. Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, Andrew Lang, Prof. Balfour Stewart, and Mrs. Henry Sidgwick. Some consider it, as Mr. Gladstone said, " the most important work in the world — by far the most important." The reason is obvious. Here and only here are found phenomena that seem to prove scientifically that man possesses a soul capable of existing apart from the body and of exercising its functions in that condition. The resurrection was, after all, a historical fact, to which Christianity points as proof of a future life. In an age of skepticism faith by itself fails to convince; an appeal must be made to actual facts. Such facts are the phenomena studied by psychical students.
One of the first conclusions drawn by the members of the society was that telepathy — the power of one mind to affect another otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense — was Results of a fact in nature. By an elaborate series Study. of experiments, it was ascertained that such a power exists in man, and that it can and in fact does become operative under certain conditions. Unsuccessful attempts were made to explain the facts. The only conclusion that can be drawn is that " spirit has the power of manifesting to spirit," as F. W H. Myers expressed it in his monumental work Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death (2 vols., London, 1904). Vibrations do not seem to pass; space and time do not affect it; it would appear to be a true and direct manifestation of spirit. The application of this to spiritual guidance and to prayer may easily be conceived. The next great advance was made when, on the publication of Phantasms of the Living, by E. Gurney, F. W. H. Myers, and F. Podmore (London, 1886), it was first proved that apparitions of the dying occur far oftener than chance would permit. Seven hundred and two cases of :i