A. H. N.] (K. ScHAARSCHMIDT.)
Bibliography: F. Holberg, De theologia naturali Raymundi de Sabunde, Halle, 1843; D. Matzke, Die natiirliche Theologie des Raymundus von Sabunde, Breslau, 1S46; Rothe, Dissertatio de Raymundo de Sabunde, Zurich, 1S46: M. Huttler, Die Religionsphilosophie des Raimund von Sabunde, Augsburg, 1851; C. C. L. Kleibcr, De Raymundi vita et scriptis, Berlin, 1856; F. Nitzsch, in ZHT, 1859, pp. 393-435; O. Zdckler, Theologia naturali*. i. 40-46, Frankfort, 1860; A. Stuckl, Geschickte der Philomphie des Mittelalters, ii. 1055-78, Mainz, 1865; D. Beulet. Un inconner celebre; recherches historiques et critiques sur Raymond de Sabunde, Paris, 1875; F. Cicehetti-Surinni. Sopra Raim. S., teologo, filosofo e medico del acralo tv.. Aquila, 1889; J. E. Erdmann, Orundriss der Geschichlt der Philosophie, i. 444-459, Berlin, 1878, Eng. transl.. London, 1893; KL, x. 757-758.
RAINBOW BIBLE. See Bible Text, I., 3, §4.
RAINOLDS, JOHN. See Reynolds (Rainolds), John.
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Raimundus Ram/bach.
RAINSFORD, renz'ford, WILLIAM STEPHEN: Protestant Episcopalian; b. in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1850. He received his education at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1872); was curate of St. Giles, Norwich, England, 1873-76; traveled in the United States and Canada as missionary; was assistant rector of St. James Cathedral, 1876-83; and rector of St. George's Church, New York, 1883-1905. He is the author of Sermons Preached in St. George's Church (New York, 1887) ; The Church's Opportunity in the City Today (1895) ; Good Friday Meditation (1901); Reasonableness of Faith and Other Addresses (1902) ; A Preacher's Story of his Work (1904) ; and The Land of the Lion (1909) .
RAINY, ROBERT: United Free Church of Scotland; b. at Glasgow Jan. 1, 1826; d. at Melbourne, Australia, Dec. 21, 1906. He was educated at the university of his native city (M.A., 1843) and New College, Edinburgh (graduated 1848). He was minister of the Free Church at Huntly, Aberdeenshire (1851-54), and of the Free High Church, Edinburgh (1854-62) ; professor of church history in New College (1862-1900), and principal after 1874. In theology he was an Evangelical Protestant, and was the leader in the union of the Free and the United Presbyterian churches of Scotland. He wrote Life of William Cunningham (in collaboration with J.Mackenzie; London, 1871); Three Lectures on the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1872) ; The Delivery and Development of Christian Doctrine (Cunningham lectures; 1874); The Bible and Criticism (London, 1878); The Epistle to the Philippians (1893); and The Ancient Catholic Church (Edinburgh, 1902).
Bibliography: P. C. Simpson, The Life of Principal Rainy, 2 vols., London, 1909; R. Mackintosh, Principal Rainy, a Biographical Study, ib. 1907.
RALEIGH, re'le, ALEXANDER: Congregationalist; b. at The Flock (a farmhouse near Castle Douglas, 65 m. s. of Glasgow), Scotland, Jan. 3, 1817; d. in London Apr. 19, 1880. He came of Covenanting stock; when fifteen years of age was apprenticed to a draper; in 1835 removed to Liverpool, where he began to study for the ministry, entering Blackburn College in 1840; he became pastor of the church at Greenock 1845, but ill-health compelled his resignation in 1847, and for two years he traveled in search of health; in 1850 he accepted a call to Rotherham; then removed to the charge of the West George Street Independent Chapel, Glasgow, 1855; and in 1858 became pastor of Hare Court Chapel, Canonbury, London, and soon rose to eminence and great usefulness; in 1865 he was one of the English delegates to the National Council of Congregational Churches held at Boston, where his tact was displayed and his fine sense received recognition. He was twice president of the Congregational Union, in 1868 and in 1879; in 1876 he became pastor of the Kensington Congregational Church. He was the author of : Quiet Resting Places and Other Sermons (Edinburgh, 1863); The Story of Jonah the Prophet (1866); Christianity and Modern Progress (London, 1868) ; The Little Sanctuary, and Other Meditations (1872) ; The Book of Esther (Edinburgh, 1880) ; Thoughts for the Weary and the XL— 25
Sorrowful (ed. his wife, Mary Raleigh; 2 series, 1882- 1884); From Dawn to the Perfect Day. Sermons (1883) . Some of these passed through many editions.
Bibliography: Mary Raleigh, Alexander Raleigh, Records of his Life, Edinburgh, 1881; DNB, xlvii. 207-208.
RAMABAI, ram'a-bai, SARASVATI: Hindu
educator; b. in 1858 in the forests of Southern India, the daughter of a learned Brahmin, Ananta Shastri. Her father had educated her mother and then his two daughters and his son in Indian lore, and Ramabai, being remarkably gifted, so drank in this knowledge that, while still young, she became a pundit. Her father was once comparatively rich, but lost his property and also became blind. In poverty, oftentimes in dire need, the family led a wandering life and Ramabai saw her parents and her sister, who was older than she, die of starvation. She and her brother became lecturers upon the importance of female education, and their fortunes improved. But then he died and Ramabai was left alone. However, she had by that time acquired quite a reputation, and was received with honor in the highest circles. In 1880 she married in Calcutta Bipin Bihari Medhavi, a fellow of Calcutta University and a practising lawyer. In nineteen months she was a widow, with an infant daughter. She then resumed her lecturing on behalf of the education of Indian women and in Poona established the Areja Mahita Somaj, a society of ladies with this object and that of discouraging child-marriage. In 1883 she went to England. There she was converted and for three years taught Sanscrit in the Ladies' College at Cheltenham. In 1886 she visited America and raised much money by lecturing and through the associations which her friends formed, so that on her return to India in 1889 she was able to realize her ambition and to open in Bombay an unsectarian school for high-caste Hindu girls, especially child-widows. This school she removed to Poona in 1891. She carries it on without any religious tests, but, as was to be expected, many of her pupils have become Christians. Its influence has been most beneficent.
Bibliography: Pundita Ramabai Saras vati, The High- Caste Hindu Woman, new ed., London, 1890; Helen S. Dyer, Pandita Ramabai: The Story of her Life, New York, 1900, 2d ed., 1910.
RAMADAN: The ninth month of the Mohammedan year, observed as a fast. According to Surah ii. of the Koran the method of observance is total abstinence from food during the day, but eating may be indulged during the night and until it is possible to distinguish a white thread from a black one by natural light. It is customary for the leisure classes to make the daytime a period for sleep, the nights being seasons of feasting and revelry. The three days following the fast are days of feasting, and are called the Little Beiram. See Mohammed, Mohammedanism, IV., § 3.
RAMANUJA. Hindu philosopher. See India, I., 2, §2.
RAMBACH, rflm'baH: A Thuringian family of theologians.
1. Johann Jacob: B. at Halle Feb. 24, 1693; d. at Giessen Apr. 19, 1735. After a period of study
Rambach Rampolla