THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
church. The Acts of Uniformity (see Uniformity, Acts of), requiring strict adherence to the letter of the Prayer Book in every particular without omission or addition, embittered the Puritan party and also resulted in a depletion of its numbers. After the defeat of the Armada, some Puritan representatives were put to death, while others sought religious freedom by fleeing to Holland. The fifth period begins in 1603 with the reign of James I. The unhealthy religious policy of that king and bis successor Charles I. stirred the Puritan spirit of the realm, and the agitation culminated in the Westminster Assembly (q.v.), in which Puritanism had a memorable but temporary triumph. Under Charles II. (1660-85) episcopacy was reestablished. After the final overthrow of the Stuarts, who had adopted Roman Catholicism, the Dissenters secured a limited liberty by the Acts of Toleration of 1689 (see Liberty, Religious; and England, Church of).
io. Scotland: The first impulse to the Reformation in Scotland proceeded from Germany and Switzerland. Copies of the writings of the continental Reformers found their way to the far north. Among its first martyrs here were Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart (qq.v.), who spent some time on the continent and were condemned to the stake by Archbishop Beaton. The movement was carried to a successful conclusion under the guidance of John Knox (q.v.). The Parliament of 1560 formally introduced the Reformation, and adopted the First Scotch Confession, drawn up by its appointment by Knox, Spottiswoode, Row, and three others, and prohibited, under severe penalties, the exercise of Roman Catholic worship. This confession remained the law till the adoption of the Westminster Confession in 1648. In 1561 the first Book of Discipline was issued, and gave the new church a complete Presbyterian organization, culminating in a general assembly of ministers and elders. The mode of worship, provided for in the Book of Our Common Order adopted 1564, was reduced to the greatest simplicity, with a decided predominance of the didactic element. Knox followed closely the model set by the Church of Geneva, which he esteemed " the best school of Christ since the days of the apostles." When the unfortunate Mary Stuart began her reign, in Aug., 1561, she made an attempt to restore the Roman Catholic religion. But her own imprudence and the determined resistance of Knox and the nation, frustrated her plans. After her flight to England (1568), Protestantism was again declared the only religion of Scotland, and received formal, legal sanction under the regency of Murray. The second period in the Scotch Reformation includes the determined conflict between Andrew Melville (q.v.), the champion of presbytery, and James VI., who was bent upon the overthrow of the Presbyterian forms of government and worship and the introduction of episcopacy after the model in vogue in England.
ii. For Italy, see Italy, Reformation in.
12. For Spain, see Spain, Reformation in.
13. The United States: Protestantism was planted here by the first Protestant emigrants to the
various colonies, from the Puritans in New England to the Dutch, Swedes, Germans, and French of the Middle colonies, and the Anglican and Huguenots of Virginia and the Carolinas. All types of the continental and the English and Scotch-Irish Reformations obtained a firm foothold before the close of the seventeenth century.
(Philip Schaff+.) D. S. Schaff. The general survey of the course of the Reformation given above may be supplemented for its details by the accounts given in this work of the lives of the Reformers, greater and lesser, most of whom are mentioned in the text. The article Protestantism should also be consulted, and such other topics as Christopher, Duke of Wuerttembehg; Augsburg Confession and its Apology; Augsburg, Religious Peace of; Heidelberg Catechism; Huguenots; Inner Austria; the articles on the various confessions resulting from the Reformation, and on the colloquies and conferences held during its course.
Bibliography: The chief sources are the writings of the Reformers, named in the articles on them in this work. The reader is also referred to the lists of literature appended to those articles, many of the entries dealing with particular phases of the movement. On the preparation for and principles of the Reformation consult the literature under Protestantism, and: E. de Bonnechose, R6formateurs avant la reforme, 2 vols., Paris, 1844, 2d. ed., 1846, Eng. transl., Reformers before the Reformation, Edinburgh, 1851; C. Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1874-77; H. Worsley, The Dawn of the English Reformation; its Friends and its Enemies, London, 1890; F. A. Gasquet (Roman Catholic), The Eve of the Reformation, New York, 1901; H. B. Workman, Dawn of the Reformation, London, 1901; G. Bonet- Maury, Les Precursors de la reforme et de la liberU de conscience dans des pays latins du xii. siecle au xvi. siecle, Paris, 1903; A. O. Meyer, Studien zur Vorgeschichte der Reformation, Munich, 1903; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, chap. v.
The General History of the Reformation is treated in the great works on church history, listed in Church History. For the English reader the best works are: T. M. Lindsay, The Reformation, Edinburgh, 1882; idem, Hist, of the Reformation, 2 vols., ib. 1906-07; and Cambridge Modern History, vol. ii., New York, 1904 (contains elaborate bibliography). Consult further: D. Schenkel, Die Reformatoren und die Reformation, Wiesbaden,^ 1S56; idem, Das Wesen des Protestantismus, 3 vols., Schaffhausen, 1862; M. de Aubigne, Hist, de la reformation, 5 vols., Paris, 1835-53; idem, Hist, de la reformation au temps de Calvin, 5 vols., ib. 1862-75 (in Eng. transl. in many editions, e.g., the two in 13 vols., New York, 1879). L. Hausser, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation, Berlin, 1868, Eng. transl., The Period of the Reformation, ed. W. Oncken, Edinburgh, 1885; A. R. Pennington, God «n the History of the Reformation in Germany and England, and in the Preparation for it, London, 1869; F. Seebohm, Era of the Protestant Revolution, London, 1874; M. J. Spalding (Roman Catholic), Hist, of the Protestant Reformation, Baltimore, 1875; K. R. Hagenbach, History of the Reformation, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1880-81; A. Laugel. La Reforme au xvi. siecle, Paris, 1881; S. A. Swaine. The Religious Revolution, London, 1882; C. Beard, The Reformation in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge London, 1885 (able); H. Schmidt, Handbuch der Symbol*. Berlin, 1890; L. Koenig, Die papstliche Kammer unter Clemens V. und Johann XXII., Vienna, 1^4;__J:, A' Babington, The Reformation, London, 1901; V\ Walker, The Reformation, New York, 1901; B. J. Kidd. The Continental Reformation, London, 1902; A. H. Newman. Manual of Church History, vol. ii., Philadelphia, 19UJ, J. M. Stone, Reformation and Renaissance, 1-<trr~1°V:' London, 1904; C. Beard, The Reformation, London, 19W G. P. Fisher, Hist, of the Reformation, New York, 19W, K. von Hase, Handbook of the Controversy with R?tm'<™- J. W. Steane, 2 vols., London, 1906; P. Whit ey, ">«