THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
was intended for the army, but his eldest brother, who was bishop of Lucon, having resigned his dignity in order to enter a monastery, Richelieu entered the Church in order to preserve this bishopric in the family. He was educated at the i. Youth ; Sorbonne and then returned, as he said, Call to "to the poorest bishopric in France." Public In 1614 he was elected a deputy of Office. the clergy of Kiort to the States- General, where he attracted the attention of the queen-mother, Marie de Medici, who made him almoner to the young queen, Anne of Austria, in 1616. In the mazes of intrigue that prevailed at court Richelieu displayed from the first a keen knowledge of men and great capacity for dissimulation. Physically half an invalid, his energy of mind and body was astonishing. It is said that he required eleven hours' sleep. Nevertheless he was capable of great physical endurance, as before La Rochelle in 162S, and in 1630 in the war against the duke of Savoy. The weakness of Louis XIII. was Richelieu's opportunity, but the fondness of Marie de Medici for him was also a factor. In 1622 he was niade cardinal and soon after entered the king's council as secretary of state, of war, and of foreign affairs (Apr., 1624), becoming prime minister in Nov., 1629. In assuming office Richelieu had a clear idea of his own purposes and the needs of France. As he said: "When your Majesty resolved to give me, at the same time, both entrance into your council and a great part of your confidence in the government of affairs, I can truthfully say that the Huguenots divided France with you; that the nobles conducted themselves as if they were not subjects, and the powerful provincial governors as though they were sovereigns in their offices. I promised your Majesty to employ
all my industry and all authority that might be given me to ruin the Huguenot party, to abase the pride of the nobles, to reduce all subjects to duty, and to raise your name among foreign nations to the point where it ought to be." To the execution of these purposes Richelieu brought an inflexible and fierce energy justified, in his eyes, by the grandeur of the purposes to be attained. At the beginning of his ministry Richelieu summoned an assembly of fifty-five prelates, nobles, magistrates, financial officials, and others, in Dec, 1626. Fifteen propositions were laid before them dealing with the means to suppress corruption in the army, with the development of commerce, the navy, and the suppression of crimes against the safety of the state. Richelieu was the enemy of the factional Huguenots because, as he said, they tended " to form a state within a state," and set himself "to ruin the Huguenot party." It was accomplished in two wars. In 1625 difficulties in connection with the execution of the Treaty of Mont- 2. Conflict pellier provoked a rising of the Huguewith the nots in Brittany, Poitou, and Langue- Protestants. doc. At the head of the movement were Henri, duke of Rohan (see Rohan-, Henri), and his brother Soubise. The latter seized the Isle of Oleron. Richelieu sent troops into Brittany and Poitou and obtained ships and seamen from Holland and England. Oleron
was taken ; Soubise fled to England. But the cardinal was threatened by court intrigues and did not follow up his advantage, renewing the settlement of Montpellier (February, 1626). The Protestant refugees in England resumed the conflict with the aid of Buckingham, the favorite of Charles I. An English fleet disembarked a force on the Island of R6in July, 1627. Richelieu displayed a prodigious activity in collecting vessels of war, munitions, and provisions, and forced the English to withdraw. Then began the protracted siege of La Rochelle, the stronghold of the Huguenots. Rochelle was not an easy place to take; on the land side it was protected by marshes and formidable fortifications, and its harbor enabled it to reach the open sea. Among the famous Huguenot leaders within the city were the mayor Guiton, the admiral of the Protestant fleet, the pastor Salbert, and the intrepid dowager duchess of Rohan, who despite her eighty years displayed amazing resolution and activity. Richelieu, with a force of 25,000 men, blockaded the place and threw up a line of entrenchments. The greatest difficulty was to close the port to outside assistance. In spite of the winter storms a tremendous mole over 1,400 paces long was built across the harbor. Two English relief fleets were unable to force this colossal barrier. When all hope of deliverance failed and the city was reduced to starvation, Rochelle surrendered, on Oct. 28, 1628. The historic city was condemned to lose its municipal privileges and franchises and to have its walls razed. The war continued in the Cevennes, where Henri Rohan for a time held out with the mountaineer Calvinists and the aid of Spain — a most anomalous alliance. The Edict of Nimes (q.v.) fixed anew the situation of the Huguenots. The Edict of Nantes (q.v.) was maintained in so far as it guaranteed liberty of conscience and liberty of worship, but the Huguenot strongholds were surrendered and their political assemblies forbidden. The Protestants as a political party ceased to exist. Since the death of Henry IV. in 1610 the chief obstacle to the regular exercise of the royal authority had been the factions and the hopes of the noblesse. The whole ministry of Richelieu was
filled with the conflict against them.
3. Struggle The cardinal has been accused of hav-
Against ing been a bitter enemy of the privi-
Conspiracy. leged order, but this is a mistake.
" It is necessary to consider the noblesse as one of the chief sinews of the state," he wrote in his "Political Testament." What he did exact was obedience and the abandonment of political activity by the nobles. Most of the intrigues and plots against Richelieu were hatched at court, and the instigators or accomplices were often members of the royal family. Gaston of Orleans, who for a long time had cherished the hope of succeeding his brother, was the soul of all these conspiracies; another was the queen-mother, Marie de Medici, who became an implacable enemy of the cardinal after his elevation. A third was the queen herself, Anne of Austria, whose secret correspondence with Spain Richelieu stopped. Mother, wife, and brother brought all the pressure they could upon Louis XIII. to dismiss his minister.