RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ruet
Rumania
seems manifested in the rendering of the " Church History " of Eusebius in nine (not ten) books; and the translation is of value for text-critical purposes in spite of the freedom occasionally allowed himself by the translator. He felt no satisfaction in rendering the Clementine Recognitions. Out of Basil's Instituta monachorum he translated a series of homilies, also rendering some homilies of Gregory Nazianzen, some Sentential of Evagrius Ponticus (possibly the Liber centum sententiarum) . He put into Latin the Sententice ad eos qui in ccenobiis et xenodochiis habitant fratres and the Sentential ad virgines. The " Sentences of Sixtus " mentioned by Origen and used by Porphyry were also translated by him, with the addition of a prologue, and attributed to Sixtus II. of Rome, though they were the product of a Pythagorean philosopher (ci. F. C. Conybeare, The Ring of Pope Xystus, together with the Prologue of Rufinus, now first rendered into English, with an historical and critical Commentary, London, 1910) . For this he was severely handled by Jerome. It is a long-standing cause of debate whether the Historia monachorum is Rufinus' own or a translation from a Greek work, with the probabilities now tending in favor of the second alternative, though the translation is unquestionably by Rufinus. Still an open question is whether the old Latin rendering of Josephus' " War of the Jews " is to be attributed to Rufinus. Works not by him, but in the list of his works, are Commentarius in Ixxv Davidis psalmos (probably by the Gallic Presbyter Vincentius of the second half of the fifth century) ; Commentarius in prophetas Osee, Joel et Amos;
Vita sanctw Eugenia; virginis ac martyris; and two writings entitled De fide. (G. Krugek.)
Bibliography: The complete works of Rufinu3 have never been published. Parts were edited by L. de la Barre, Paris, 1580; a fuller edition is by D. Vallarsi, Verona, 1745, this being taken into MPL, xxi., with the Vita of J. Fontanini (originally published Rome, 1742) and that by C. T. G. Schoenemann (Leipsic, 1792). A critical edition of the Latin translation of Eusebius is by T. Mommsen, vol. i., Leipsic, 1903; one of the Commentarius in symbolum apostolorum, with Notes by C. Whittaker, also Translation, 2 parts, London, 1908. Translations into English of selected works are in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 405- 568.
Sources for a life are Rufinus' own works; Jerome's " Apology against Rufinus," Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 482-540, and his Epistles (no3. 3-5, 51, 57, 80- 84, 97, 125, 133); Augustine, Epist., lxiii., clvi.; Gennadius, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, xvii., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 389. Consult further: A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 321- 327, Leipsic, 1889; J. F. B. M. de Rubeis, Dissertationes duos, pp. 1-160, Venice, 1754; H. Bruell, De Tyrannii Rufini . . . Commentario in symbolum apostolorum, Diiren, 1872-79; F. Kattenbusch, Beitrage zur Geschichte des altkirchlichen Taufsymbols, pp. 27-32, Giessen, 1892; B. Czapla, Gennadius als Litterarhistoriker, pp. 27—28, 44 sqq., 95, Minister, 1898; C. Schmidt, in GGA, clxi (1899), 7-27; P. Reinelt, Studien liber die Briefe des Pau-
linus von Nola, Breslau, 1904; M. Schanz, Geschichte der Tdmischen Litteratur, iv. 1, pp. 371-387, Munich, 1904; Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 397-400, Eng. transl., St. Louis, 1908; Kruger, History, passim; DCS, iv. 555-561; KL, x. 1353-56; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, vii. 448-484, et passim; Harnack, Dogma, vols, iii.-iv. passim; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 701, 884, 984 note; Neander, Christian Church, vols, i.-iii. passim.
RUIN ART, rwi'nar, THIERRI: French Benedictine; b. at Reims June 10, 1657; d. at the monastery of Hautvilliers, near Reims, Sept. 27, 1709.
He entered the Benedictine abbey of St. Remy in 1674, made his profession in 1675, and in 1682 was called to the great Maurist center of learning, St. Germain-des-Pres, at the instance of Jean Mabillon (q.v.), to whom he was pupil, co-worker, and biographer. His life was a quiet one, broken only by two journeys — to Alsace in 1696 and to Champagne in 1709 — for material for his works. The first of these was the Acta primorum martyrum sincera et selecta (Paris, 1689; 2d revised ed., Amsterdam, 1713), which was followed by the Historia persecutions Vandalicm (1694) and the Gregorii episcopi Turonensis opera omnia necnon Fredegarii scholastici epitome et chronicum (1699). Ruinart collaborated with J. Mabillon in the eighth and ninth volumes of the Acta sanctorum ordinis sancti Benedicti (1701), and also prepared the second edition of Mabillon's De re diplomatica (1709), which he had previously defended in his Ecclesia Parisiensis vindicata (1706). He likewise wrote an admirable Abrege de la vie de D. Jean Mabillon (1709); but his intention of editing the fifth volume of the Annales ordinis Sancti Benedicti was frustrated by his death. The work was prepared by Rene' Massuet (Paris, 1713), who placed Ruinart's biography in the preface. An interesting diary of Ruinart's on the history of the Benedictine edition of Augustine has been edited by A. M. P. Ingold as an appendix to his Histoire de I'edition Be'ne'dictine de S. Augustin (pp. 154-193, 1903) . Ruinart wrote also Apologie de la mission de S. Maur, apostre des Benedictins en France (1702), as well as three treatises : Disquisitio historica de pallio archiepiscopali; Vita beati Urbani papas II.; and Iter litterarium in Alsatiam et Lotliaringiam, all in Ouvrages posthumes de Mabillon et de Ruinart, vols, ii.-iii. (1724); and many letters, edited by E. Gigas, Lettres des benedictins de Saint-Maur (2 vols., Copenhagen, 1892-93), also in Correspondance inedite de Mabillon et de Montfaucon (3 vols., Paris, 1846).
(G. LAUBMANNf.) Bibliography: A life by R. Massuet is in the Annales de Vordre de S. Bennott, vol. v. Consult further: C. Loriquet, he Cardinal de Bouillon . et T Ruinart dans V affaire de Vhist. generate de la maison d'Auvergne, Reims, 1870; H. Jadart, Dom Thierry Ruinart, ib. 1886; E. de Broglie, Mabillon et la socieU de Saint-Germain des Pres, 2 vols., Paris, 1888; J. B. Vanel, Les Benedictines de Saint-Maur, pp. 87-90, ib. 1896; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 348-350.
RULE OF FAITH. See Regula Fidei.
RULING ELDERS. See Laity; and Presbyterians, x., 2, § 2 (4).
RULMAN MERSWIN. See Friends op God.
RUMANIA: A kingdom (after 1881) in southeastern Europe, between Russia on the north and Bulgaria on the south, and the Black Sea and Russia on the east and Austria-Hungary and Servia on the west; area, 50,720 square miles; population (1907), 6,684,265. Not including the Russian sect of the Lipovanians and the Roman Catholics, each numbering about 140,000 to 150,000, the Christian population is of the Orthodox Greek Church, which is the State Church. Art. 7 of the Constitution of 1866 provides that variance in religious confession shall constitute no hindrance to civil and political rights; and art. 20 assures freedom of all religions,
Rumania Rupert of Deutz