THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ceived from the duke a grant of four square miles. He then founded at Salzburg the church of St. Peter, a monastery, and also a nunnery for Erindruda of Worms. The Gesta thus present the picture of a man laboring in a land only nominally Christian, and seeking primarily to revive a dead faith. It is likewise noteworthy that the Notitia Arnonis of 790 (Salzburger Urkundenbuch, ed. W. Hauthaler, i. 3 sqq., Salzburg, 1898) represents him simply as a mitred abbot, thus casting doubt on his being called to Bavaria by Theodo, as well as on the entire previous history of his life. Immediate pupils of his and monks invested by him are mentioned in the ninth century Breves notitice Salzburgenses (viii. 13, ed. G. Kainz, Munich, 1869). (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: A very full list of editions of sources and of literature is given in Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 1557-58. Consult, besides the sources named in the text: ASM, iii. 1, pp. 340-346; Hist, litteraire de la France, iii. 448 sqq.; J. Friedrich, Das wahre Zeitalter des heiligen Rupert, Apostels der Bayern, Bamberg, 1866; W. Wattenbach, Beitrage zur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Mahren und Bohmen, Vienna, 1849; J. G. von Koch-Sternfeld, Ueber das wahre Zeitalter des heiligen Rupert, in Archiv fur Kunde osterreichischer Geschichtsquellen, v (1850), 385-497; R. Mitterm tiller, Das Zeitalter des heiligen Rupert, Metten, 1857; P. Heber, Die vorkarolingischen christlichen Glaubenshelden am Rhein, pp. 140—148, Frankfort, 1858; A. Huber, Das Grab des heiligen Rupert, Vienna, 1869; S. Riezler, Geschichte Baierns, vol. i., Gotha, 1878; W. Hauthaler, Die dem heiligen Rupertus . geweihten Kirchen und Kapellen, Salzburg, 1885; F. von Pichl, Kritische Abhandlungen iiber die dlteste Geschichte Salzburgs, Innsbruck, 1889; Rettberg, KD, ii. 193 sqq.; Hauck, KD, i. 372 sqq.; DCB, iv. 562-563.
RUPPRECHT, ru'preHt, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH EDUARD: German Lutheran; b. at Atzendorf (15 m. s.s.w. of Magdeburg) Mar. 2, 1837. He was educated at the University of Erlangen (1855-59); was a teacher of Latin at Munchberg (1859-61); vicar at Fiirth, Middle Franconia (1862-64); he was so seriously ill as to be incapacitated for any active life (1864-70), but in 1870 became pastor at Wallesau, Middle Franconia, where he remained eight years. Since 1878 he has been pastor at Sausenhofen, Middle Franconia. In theology he adheres to the system of Thomasius and Hofmann as set forth by the Iowa and Ohio synods of the Lutheran Church; in regard to the Old Testament, however, he is an adherent of Hengstenberg and Keil. He has written: Was ist Wahrheit (3 parts, Sagan and Giitersloh, 1875-77) ; Die Anschauung der kritischen Schule Wellhausen vom Pentateuch, ein vrissenschaftlich begrilndetes Glaubenszeugnis an die Gegenwart (Leipsic, 1893) ; Der Pseudodaniel und Pseudojesaja der modernen Kritik, ein neues Glaubenszeugnis vor dem Forum des christlichen Glaubens, der Moral und Wissenschaft (1894); Das Ende dieses Weltlaufes, zur Einfuhrunq in die neutestamentliche Weissagung (Munich, 1894); Das Ratsel des Filnfbuches Mose und seine falsche Losung (Giitersloh, 1894); Des Ratsels Losung, oder Beitrage zur richtigen Losung des Pentatruchratsels (3 vols., 1895-97); Die Kritik nach ihrem Recht und Unrecht (1897); Wissenschaftliches Handbnrh der Einfiihrung in das Alte Testament (1898); Erkldrte deutsche Volksbibel (Hanover, 1900); and Das Christentum von D. Adolf Harnack nach dessen sechszehn Vorlesungen (Giitersloh, 1901).
Bibliography: E. Timotheus, Licht im Dunkel, Skizzer^ aus dem Leben eines suddeutschen Theologen in Novellenform, Sagan, 1897.
RURAL DEAN. See Dean (4).
RURER, ru'rer, JOHANN : First Protestant pastor of Ansbach; b. at Bamberg; d. at Ansbach about Whitsuntide, 1542. His university career is unknown, but about 1505 he was in Brandenburg, and by 1512 had attained such reputation that he was appointed vicar of St. Catherine's at Ansbach. He soon became chaplain to Margrave Casimir, who later placed him in full control of the parish, where, already an adherent of the teachings of Luther, he was able to exercise a powerful influence on the religious fortunes of the margravate. On Palm Sunday, 1525, he held the first German services at Ansbach, and was soon opposing the margrave, who, for political reasons, saw that he had gone too far toward the Lutheran side. Finding that he could make no impression on Casimir and fearful of arrest, Rurer fled, in Feb., 1527, to Liegnitz, where Duke Frederick sought to secure him for his " Christian school." Before long, however, Rurer was recalled to Ansbach by George, the successor of Casimir, and was made preacher at the collegiate church, a position which he retained until his death. He was one of those appointed to draw up new church regulations for the margravate; he took a prominent part in the conference at Schwabach on June 15, 1528; and was a factor in the three conferences on the Nuremberg proposals in February, May, and December, 1531. Meanwhile he had accompanied the margrave to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where, though at first hopeful that an understanding might be reached between Roman Catholics and Protestants, he opposed the compliance of Melanchthon; yet he was one of the clergymen who, dreading the responsibility of resistance to the emperor, advised George not to join the Schmalkald League. Rurer was likewise active in the introduction of the Brandenburg-Nuremberg agenda of 1533, which was a potent weapon in the struggle against Roman Catholics and Anabaptists, although he deprecated the use of violent measures against adherents of the ancient faith. His services to the Protestant cause, including the winning over of the aged Margrave Frederick, were rewarded by George with the income belonging to the dean of the cathedral, L. Keller. Toward the end of his life Rurer was a delegate to a number of diets, but died shortly after the Conference of Regensburg in 1541.
(Karl Schornbaum.)
Bibliography: F. J. Beyschlag, Sylloge variorum opusculorum, i. 787 sqq., 864 sqq., 996, ii. 1S4 sqq., Hall. 1727- 1731; C. F. Jacobi, Geschichte der Stadt Feuchtwangen, pp. 69-70, Nuremberg, 1833; T. Koldo. .4 ndreas Althamer, Erlangen, 1895; K. Schornbaum, Die Stcllung des Markgrafen Kasimir, Nuremberg, 1900; F. Cohrs, Die evangelischen Katechismusversuche, iii. 3 sqq., Berlin, 1901.
RUSHBROOKE, WILLIAM GEORGE: Church of England layman; b. at Ampthill (8 m. s. of Bedford) Jan. 21, 1849. He prepared for the university at the City of London School, 1862-68; became a scholar at St. John's College, Cambridge, 186S. and graduated, taking degrees both in Cambridge and