THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Baxter, and Whitefield (Ipswich, 1854); Bishops and Clergy of Other Days (London, 1868); The Christian Leaders of the Last Century (1869); Expository Thoughts on the Gospels (7 vols., 1856-73; new ed., 4 vols., 1900); Hymns for the Church on Earth (lS'oO), being 300 hymns and spiritual songs; Practical Religion (1874-80); Knots Untied (1874); Holiness (1879); and Light from Old Times (1891).
Bibliography: J. C. MacDonnell, Life and Correspondence of William Connor Magee, 2 vols., London, 1896; A. C. Benson. Life of E. W. Benson, 2 vols., ib. 1S99; DNB, Supplement iii. 334-335.
RYSWICK, ris'wic, CLAUSE: A stipulation introduced by the French representative into the peace of Ryswick. The French had installed Roman Catholic worship and diverted Evangelical church properties to Roman Catholic use in many German places of which Louis XIV had taken possession under pretext of the reunion of Nimeguen (1679). These were now to be restored by the peace of Ryswick. The final draft was already being prepared when shortly before midnight of Oct. 29, 1697, the French representative insisted upon adding to the fourth article the clause, " nevertheless the Roman Catholic religion shall
remain in the same status in which it now is in the places so restored "; and he threatened that the French king would break off negotiations immediately and resume the war against those offering impediments. The representatives of the emperor and the Roman Catholic estates, the imperial deputation, and the delegates of Wurttemberg, of the counts of Wetterau, and the imperial city of Frankfort attached their signatures; and for want of a vigorous support from the English and Dutch representatives and the Swedish mediator, the remonstrances of the remaining Evangelicals were in vain. The emperor, however, unconditionally ratified the peace, and thus the diet consented that the matter should rest, although 1,922 places were affected by a change of their religious relation. Specially, the Elector Palatinate Johann Wilhelm, under Jesuitic influence, employed the clause for despoiling the Evangelicals.
(C. T. G. VON ScHETOLf.) Bibliography: J. S. Putter, Historische Entwickelung der heutigen Staatsverfassung des deutschen Reichs, ii. 300 sqq., Gottingen, 1787; J. C. Neuhaus, Der Friede von Ryswick und die Abtretung Strassburgs an Frankreich 1697, Freiburg, 1874. The background in the other treaties mentioned is given in brief in Cambridge Modern History, vol. v. passim, New York, 1908.
SAADIA, su-a'di-a, BEN JOSEPH (SA'ID AL FAY-
YUMI) : Jewish rabbi; b. at Dilaz in Upper Egypt, 892; d. at Sura (100 m. s. of Bagdad), Babylonia, 942. In 915 he went to Palestine, and in 928 became gaon, or head teacher, of the ancient academy of Sura; but on account of strife was compelled to retire to Bagdad, 930-937. He is distinguished for his Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, Job, Psalms, Canticles, and other books of the Bible, with brief annotations; his grammatical and lexical works; and, above all, for his "Book of Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma" in Arabic, completed in 933; known only in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon, Sefer emunot we-de'ot (Constantinople, 1502; Germ, transl., by Julius Fucrst, Glaubenslehre und Pliilosophie von Saadja Fojjumi, Leipsic, 1845, in Die jiidischen Religionsphilosophen des Mittelalters, vol. i.). Saadia was a representative of the peshat, or literal interpretation, a creator of Hebrew philology, and the promoter of a new school of exegesis characterized by a rational investigation of the contents and a scientific knowledge of the text. His work was characterized by treating each book as a whole and the contents as a unity, and by minuteness of exegesis; and his style, in translation and authorship, aimed at simple form and pure vocabulary. In his philosophy he surveyed the entire field of doctrine, ranging from the idea of God to ethics, in the light of reason and revelation.
Bibliography: JE, x. 578-586 (excellent; contains very full list of literature) ; S. Munk, Notice sur R. Saadia Gaon, Pans, 1 v'.n; A. Goiger, in Judische Zcitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Lcben, v. 267-316; J. Guttmann, Die Religionsphilosophie des Saadia, Gottingen, 1882; A. Harkavy Studien und MitCheitungm, vol. v., Berlin, 1891; idem'
in JQR, xiii. 655-668; W. Engelkemper, De Saadim Gaonis vita, Minister, 1897; M. Friedlander, in JQR, v. 177-199; S. Pozmanski, in JQR, viii. 684-691, x. 23S-276.
SAALSCHUETZ, sal'shiitz, JOSEPH LEVIN: German rabbi and archeologist; b. at Konigsberg Mar. 15, 1801; d. there Aug. 23, 1863. He studied in the university of Konigsberg (Ph.D., 1824) ; held positions as rabbi and teacher in Berlin, 1825-29, and in Vienna 1829-35; became rabbi at Konigsberg, after 1835; in 1847 he became privatdocent in Hebrew archeology, and afterward professor extraordinarj'. He was the author, among other works, of Forschungen im Gebiete der hebrdischdgyptischen Archaologie, three parts (Konigsberg, 1838-51); Form und Geist der biblisch-hebraischen Poesie (1853); and Archaologie der Hebrder, in twelve parts (1855-56). He also edited a new edition of J. D. Michaelis' Das mosdische Rccht mit Beriicksichtigung des spdtern Jiidisclien, in two parts (Berlin, 1846-48).
Bibliography: S. Carpin, in Allgemeine Zeitechrift des Judentums, Oct. 18, 1901; JE, x. 586.
SABAOTH, sab'6-eth or sa-ba'-oth: A term used twice in the New Testament (Rom. ix. 29; Jas. v. 4) as a title of God, but in the English Old Testament translated "hosts."
From I Sam. i. 3, throughout the Old Testament the Hebr. zebaoth, "hosts," appears constantly as an element in the attributes ascribed to the God of Israel. The word is used with or without the article in various combinations, such as "Yahweh God of hosts," "Adonai Yahweh of hosts," "Adonai Yahweh God of hosts," "the Lord Adonai of hosts," wMi varfaatk ev^n from tiateSe several