THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
speaking, by those of Calvin.* The controversy between Zwingli and Luther came to a climax at the conference held at Marburg in 1529, and the difference led to a long-lasting cleavage between the Lutheran and Reformed types of Protestantism.
Certain religious bodies, of whom the most prominent are the Quakers, reject all external celebration of the sacraments as opposed to the spiritual interpretation of religion, and hold only to an internal baptism, or regeneration, by the Spirit and an internal communion with Christ. D. S. Schaff. Bibliography: The primary sources are of course (1) the works of the Fathers and Schoolmen mentioned in the text — Augustine, Abelard, Hugo of St. Victor, Peter Lombard, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, Duns Scotus — all of whom are discussed in this work, and usually also with reference to the subject of this article; (2) the confessions of the various churches, including the decrees of the Council of Trent, which are collected and annotated in: Schaff, Creeds; and E. F. K. Muller, Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche, Leipsic, 1903. Secondary sources are also of two kinds: (1) works on dogmatics and the history of dogma, which will be found given very fully in and under the articles Dogma, Dogmatics, and Doctrine, History of; and (2) works on the history of the Church, also very fully given in and under Church History, to which should be added the works on the history of the councils (see the bibliography under Councils and Synods), and the literature on the Fathers and Schoolmen named above under the articles on them in this work, where many monographs will be found devoted to the subject of this article. A useful literature is that on Canon Law (q.v.), the literature of which is noted in the article on that subject. Respecting this last it is to be said that reference to this class of books is advised only for advanced students, as the relation is neither so direct nor so obvious as of the other literature named. In addition to the foregoing, the literature on the several sacraments is to be studied as given under the articles on them in this work. Special treatises from the Protestant standpoint are: R. Whately, The Scripture Doctrine concerning the Sacraments, London, 1857; G. L. Hahn, Die Lehre von den Sacramenten in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung innerhalb der abendlandischen Kirche bis zum Konzil von Trient, Breslau, 1864; J. S. Stone, The Christian Sacraments, New York, 1866; J. H. Blunt, The Sacraments and Sacramental Ordinances of the Church, London, 1867; G. G. Perry, Vox ecclesiw Anglicanoe, ib. 1868; S. W. Crittenden, Sacraments of the Church, Philadelphia, 1869; W. F. Hook, The Church and its Ordinances, ed. W. Hook, 2 vols., London, 1876; R. Schmidt, in TSK, 1879, pp. 187 sqq., 391 sqq. (on the Lutheran doctrine); G. D. Armstrong, The Sacraments of the New Testament, New York, 1880; R. Watson, The Sacraments: Baptism and the Lord's Supper, ib. 1893; M. Dix, The Sacramental System Considered as the Extension of the Incarnation, ib. 1893; The Church's Ministry of Grace (lectures), ib. 1893; G. Anrich, Das antike M ysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das Christentum, Gottingen, 1894; G. Wobbermin, Religionsgeschlichtliche Studien zur Frage der Beeinflussung des Urchristentums durch das antike Myslerienwesen, Berlin, 1896; J. Grill, Die persische Mysterienreligionim rbmischen Reich und das Christentum, Tubingen, 1903; J. C. Lambert, The Sacraments in the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1903; K. G. Goetz, Die Abendmahlsfrage in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung, Leipsic, 1904; A. Knox, Grace of Sacraments, New York, 1905; J. A. Beet, The Church, the Churches, and the Sacraments, London, 1907; H. C.
* While the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Anglican Church are commonly held to teach only two sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist (art. xxv.), it is maintained by many adherents of the High-church school of that communion that the wording of the article in question does not necessarily militate against the doctrine of seven sacraments, although, as in the Roman Catholic Church, baptism and the Eucharist stand in a class by themselves as sacraments preeminent over all the rest. The seven sacraments of this Anglo- Catholic school are identical with those of the Roman Catholics.
Beeching, The Bible Doctrine of the Sacraments, ib. 1908; Hauck-Herzog, RE, xvii. 349-381; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 1, pp. 701-748.
The Roman Catholic idea is presented in: F. Probst, Sakramente und Sakramentalien in den drei ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten, Tubingen, 1872; P. Schanz, Die Lehre von den Sacramenten der katholischen Kirche, Freiburg, 1893; J. H. Oswald, Die dogmatische Lehre von den heiligen Sacramenten der katholischen Kirche, 5th ed., Miinster, 189<*i S. J. Hunter, Outlines of Dogmatic Theology, iii. 162 sqq., New York [1896]; J. B. Sasse, De sacramentis ecclesia, Freiburg, 1897; KL, x. 1481-1518.