THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
not less than thirty-six agree with the Samaritan Targum exactly and seven others do not invalidate the conclusion stated above as to the relation of the Greek to the Samaritan; this is, however, disputed by others (Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 1894, pp. 1-7, 49-67; ZDMG, xlvii., 1893, pp. 650 sqq.). The investigations of Kohn have shown that the views which have prevailed respecting the Samaritan Targum were erroneous. The grammars and lexicons hitherto have contained many false words and explanations, and what has passed as the Samaritan Targum was a poor exemplar of varied and unrelated writings, corrupted and distorted, with attempted corrections, the products of a time when Samaritan had long been disused, with interpolations from the Targum of Onkelos and with Arabisms; in short of the original Targum probably only small fragments are known. The tendencial changes represent accommodations, running through centuries, to all possible variations in views (Sadducean, Pharisaic, Syrian, and Arabic), and are the work of a number of different hands; the indications are not that a fundamental targum serves as the basis, but that by different priests partial translations were made for practical purposes. There is also a translation of the Pentateuch into Arabic, made in the eleventh or twelfth century, probably to supersede that of Saadia. The text current under the name of Abu Said is the result of two or more recensions. It does not seem to have used the Targum, though the latter may have received insertions from the translation; the Arabisms in the Targum, where they do not agree with the translation, are possibly of the time of Abu Said and rest upon another Arabic version.
Another piece of Samaritan literature is the Arabic Book of Joshua, perhaps of the thirteenth century, dealing with history from the death of Moses to that of Joshua in thirty-eight chapters, often in agreement with the Hebrew Joshua, • ner ku* with apocryphal additions, and an jsar y appendix of nine chapters carrying the history down to the time of Alexander Severus. It is claimed that it was written in Hebrew originally, but possibly the whole work was composed in Arabic. There is, moreover, also written in Arabic, the Samaritan Chronicle of Abu'l Fath, an apology for the Samaritans, based upon older works in 1355 a.d., coming down to Mohammed, and continued by another hand to the time of Harun al-Rashid. Both these works are historically worthless. There is also the so-called Neubauer Chronicle, and the recently edited Samaritan- Hebrew Chronicle issued by Adler and Seligsohn (see below, 4, § 2, end).
4. Literature on the Samaritans: The following gives the principal works dealing with the history and literature of the Samaritans. (1) C. Cellariu'- Collectanea histories Samaritans, Zeitz, 1688; idem, Exercitatio, gentis Samaritans historiam et csrimonias, post ejusdem auetoris Collectanea magis illustrans, Halle, 1707 1 . On the (these two books constitute the chief source) ; History E. W. Hengstenberg, Die Authentie des Penof the tateuches, i. 1-46, Berlin, 1836 (apologetic) ; Samaritans. Robinson, Researches, vol. Hi.; T. G. J. Juynboll, Commentarii in historiam gentis Samaritans, Leyden, 1846 (the best collection of the older material); A. Knobel, Zur Geschichte der Samaritaner, Gies-
sen, 1846; J. Grimm, Die Samariter und ihre Stellung zur Weltgeschichte, Munich, 1854; H. Petermann, Reisen in Orient, i. 260-292, Leipsic, 1860; Heidenheim, in Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift, i. 9 sqq., 374 sqq.; J. W. Nutt, Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and Literature, London, 1874; A. Cowley, in JQR, 1896, pp. 562 sqq. [J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans, Philadelphia, 1907; Jacob, Son of Aaron (high priest of the Samaritans), The Messianic Hope of the Samaritans, transl. from the Arabic by Abdullah ben Kori, ed. with Introduction by W. E. Barton, Chicago, 1908; J. W. Rothstein, Juden und Samaritaner. Die grundlegende Scheidung von Judentum und Heidentum. Eine kritische Studie zum Buche Haggai und zur jiidischen Geschichte im ersten nachexilischen Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1908.] (2) On individual points in history: J. F. Zacharia, De Samaritanis eorumque templo in monte Garizim, Jena, 1723; Schulz, De implacabili Judsorum in Samaritas odio, Wittenberg, 1756; D. Mill, De causis odii Judsos inter atque Samaritanos in Dissertationes selects, Leyden, 1743; S. de Sacy, Chrestomathie Arabie, i. 163 sqq., ii. 177 sqq., Paris, 1806 (extract from Makrisi's "Description of Egypt"); idem, Memoire sur Vitat actuel des Samaritains, ib. 1812, in extended form in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la bibliotheque du roi, pp. 1-39, ib. 1831 (deals especially with the dogmatics of the Samaritans); Gesenius, De Samaritanorum theologia ex fontibus ineditis, Halle, 1723; J. J. L. Barges, Les Samaritains de Naplouse, Paris, 1855; G. H. A. von Ewald, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, iii. 724 sqq., iv. 129 sqq., 197 sqq., 274 sqq., Gottingen, 1864-66; M. Appel, Qusstiones de rebus Samaritanorum sub imperio Romano peractis, Breslau, 1874; A. Brull, Zur Geschichte und Litteratur des Samaritaner, Frankfort, 1876; Geiger, in ZDMG, xi. 730 sqq., xii. 132 sqq., xiv. 622 sqq., xvi. 389 sqq., xx. 527 sqq.; Taglicht, Der Kuthaer als Beobachter des Gesetzes, Erlangen, 1888; L. Wreschner, Samaritanische Traditionen, Berlin, 1888 (includes materials from the twelfth century). (3) Interchange of correspondence between Samaritans and Europeans is contained in C. F. Schnurrer, Samaritanischer Briefwechsel, in Repertorium filr biblische und morgenlandische Litteratur, ix. 1 sqq.; S. de Sacy, Litters Samaritanorum ad J. Scaligerum, in the same. xiii. 257 sqq.; Allarius, Epistolw Samaritans Sichemitarum ad J. Ludolfum, Zeitz, 1688; Bruns, Epistola Samaritana Sichemitarum tertia ad J. Ludolfum, Helmstadt, 1781; S. de Sacy, in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la bibliotheque du roi, xii. 1-235, Paris, 1831; ZDMG, xvii. 375-376; Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift, i. 78 sqq.; ZDPV, 1885, 149 sqq.; JQR, vol. xvi. no. 63; Bibliotheca sacra, lx. 610; and a letter in facsimile and translation to King Oscar of Sweden, Upsala, 1897.
(1) On the grammar of the language consult: F. Uhlemann, Institutiones lingus Samaritans, Leipsic, 1837; G. J. Nicholls, A Grammar of the Samaritan Lan- 2. On the guage with Extracts and Vocabulary, London, Sacred or 1858; H. Petermann, Brevis lingus Samari- Semi-Sacred tans grammatica, litteratura, chrestomathia. Books. cum glossario, Berlin, 1873; S. Kohn, Zur Sprache, Literatur, und Dogmatik der Samaritaner, Leipsic, 1876; J. Rosenberg, Lehrbuch der Samaritanischen Sprache und Literatur, Vienna, 1901. On lexicography: Castelli, Lexicon heptaglotton, London, 1669; idem, Animadversationes Samaritans, in the " London Polyglot," vol. vi.; S. Kohn, Samaritanische Studien, Breslau, 1868. On Samaritan-Hebrew: T. Noldeke, Ueber einige samaritanisch-arabischen Schriften, die hebraische Sprache betreffend, Gottingen, 1862; H. Petermann, Versuch einer hebraischen Formenlehre nach der Aussprache der heutigen Samaritaner nebst einer danach gebildeten transskription der Genesis, Leipsic, 1868. (2) On the Hebrew-Samaritan Pentateuch: bibliography under Bible Texts, A, IV.; the reprint by B. Blaynay, Oxford, 1790; C. F. Houbigant printed the Samaritan variants to the Hebrew text in his Biblia Hebraica, Paris, 1753; a collation by B. Kennicott is in his Vetus Testamentum Hebraica, vol. i., Oxford, 1776, in the Bagster edition of the O. T., London, 1844, and in Petermann's Versuch . Formenlehre, ut sup., pp. 219 sqq. On the manuscripts: J. G. Eichhorn, Einleitung ins Alte Testament, ii. 584 sqq., Leipsic, 1803; Bjornstal, in Repertorium filr biblische und morgenlandische Litteratur, iii. 84 sqq.; Rosen, in ZDMG, xviii. 582 sqq.; A. Harkavy. " The Samaritan Manuscripts of the Pentateuch in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg," St. Petersburg, 1875 (in Russian); G. Margoliouth, in JQR, July, 1903, pp. 632 sqq.; and the literature under Bible Versions, A., IV Critical expositions are: W. Gesenius, De Pentateuchi Samaritana