RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Schmalkald Sch mid
declined, not because he found anything objectionable but on the ground that he was not authorized, and others followed his example, the In the matter was dropped in the interest of Book of peace. The theologians in attendance Concord, and later others affixed their signatures simply to give in writing their expression of individual concord, without thought, as the council was declined, of issuing a confessional document of the Schmalkaldic league. A year later Luther issued his document with longer preface and various amplifications of the articles and more acute deductions. Apparently not wellinformed of what transpired at Schmalkald during his sickness, Luther regarded his articles as an official instrument. In the preface he represented them as adopted, known, and resolved by his party for a basis of defense in the council. This notice may have contributed to the result that, while Melanchthon's tract retreated more and more into the background, Luther's articles gained in estimation. First, they were placed on the same plane with the Augsburg Confession by the Hessian theologians, 1544. When the elector returned from captivity he remarked that all the dogmatic confusion could have been averted, if the agreement proposed at Schmalkald in 1537 had been adhered to. In the controversies of the fifth decade, it became more and more expedient to class them with the formal confessions, whereby, as the expression of the most genuine Lutheranism, to combat the real or supposed Philippist opinions (see Philippists) . Adopted in nearly all " bodies of doctrine" begining with Brunswick, 1563, it was understood that they received acknowledgment by the authors of the Formula of Concord (q.v.), while Melanchthon's tract, whose authorship seems to have been forgotten, was placed in the appendix of the Schmalkald articles in the Book of Concord. Luther's articles written in German were translated by the Danish Petrus Generanus into Latin, Articuli a Reverendo D. Doctore Martino Luthero scripto, Anno 1538 (Wittenberg, 1541 ; improved ed., 1542). For Schmalkald League see Philip of Hesse. (T. Kolde.)
Bibliography: G. L. Plitt, He auctoritale articulorum Smalcaldicorum symbolica, Erlangen, 1862; F. Sander, Geschichtliche Einleitung zu den schmalkaldischen Artikeln, in J ahrbilcher fur deutsche Theologie, xx (187 5), 475 sqq.; H. Birck, Zu den Beratungen der Protestanten iiber die Konzilsbulle vom 4. Juni 1506, in ZKG, xiii (1892), 487 sqq.; H. E. Jacobs, Book of Concord, passim, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1893; J. F. Hurst, Hist, of the Christian Church, ii. 509 and passim, New York, 1900; K. Thieme, Luthers Testament wider Rom, Leipsic, 1900; W. Rosenberg; Der Kaiser und die Protestanten in den Jahren 1537—39, Halle, 1903; Cambridge Modern History, ii. 26, 215 sqq., 232- 243, 252-258, New York, 1904; Moeller, Christian Church, iii. 132; Schaff, Creeds, iii. 253-257; idem, Christian Church, vi. 706. Consult also the biographies of Luther.
SCHMALKALD LEAGUE. See Philip of Hesse. §4.
SCHMALZ, VALENTIN. See Socinus, Faustus,
SOCINIANS, I., § 2.
SCHMID, shmit, ALOYS VON: German Roman Catholic, b. at Zaumberg (a village near Immenstadt, 13 m. s.w. of Kempten), Bavaria, Dec. 22, 1825 ; d. at Munich May 16, 1910. He was educated
at the University of Munich (1844-50); was professor in the gymnasium of Zweibriicken (1850-52) ; professor of philosophy in the Lyceum of Dillingen (1852-66); and after 1866 was professor of apologetics and dogmatics in the University of Munich. He wrote Die Bistumssynode (2 vols., Regensburg, 1850-51); Entwicklungsgeschichte der Hegel' schen Logik (1858) ; Thomistische und scotistische Gewissheitslehre (Dillingen, 1859); Wissenschaftliche Richtungen auf dem Gebiet des Katholizismus (Munich, 1862); Wissenschaft und Autoritdt (1868); Untersuchungen iiber den letzten Grund des Offenbarungsglaubens (1879) ; Erkenntnislehre (2 vols., Freiburg, 1890) ; and Apologetik als spekulative Grundlage der Theologie (1900).
SCHMID, ANDREAS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Zaumberg (a village near Immenstadt, 13 m. s.w. of Kempten), Bavaria, Jan. 9, 1840. He was educated at the University of Munich (D.D., 1866), became subdirector and director of the Georgianum, a seminary for priests at Munich (1865), professor of pastoral theology, homiletics, liturgies, and catechetics in the University of Munich since 1877, though he no longer lectures. He has written Der christliche Altar und sein Schmuck (Regensburg, 1871); Dr. Valentin Thalhofer, Domprobst in Eichstdtt, eine Lebenskizze (Kempten, 1892); Geschichte des Georgianums (Regensburg, 1894) ; Caerimoniale filr Priester, Leviten und Ministranten zu den gewohnlichen liturgischen Diensten (Kempten, 1895; 3d ed., 1905); Religiose Sinnspriiche zu Inschriften auf Kirchengebdude und kirchliche Gegenstdnde in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache (1899) ; Der Kirchengesang nach den Liturgikern des Mittelalters (1900) ; and Christliche Symbole aus alter und neuer Zeit (Freiburg, 1909).
SCHMID, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German Lutheran; b. at Bickelsberg, in Wurttemberg, in 1794; d. at Tubingen Mar. 28, 1852. Educated at Maulbronn and Tubingen, he became lecturer in practical theology at the latter university in 1819, associate professor in 1821, and full professor in 1826, holding this position until his death. Though a member of the committee for the Wurttemberg liturgy of 1840 and of the council for church organization in 1848, he took little part in administrative affairs, nor was he conspicuous as an author, his importance being due rather to his influence as a teacher and a man. Proceeding from the Tubingen supranaturalism of his time, he later labored successfully for the positive foundations of Lutheranism, maintaining the tendency which had been traditional since the time of Bengel. He lectured on practical, moral, and exegetical theology. He was the author of the posthumous Vorlesungen iiber biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (Gotha, 1853, new ed., 1888; Eng. transl., Biblical Theology of the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1871), and Vorlesungen iiber christliche Sittenlehre (1861).
(C. Weizsacker-j--) Bibliography. C. Weizsaeker, in Schwabischen Merkur,
June 6, 1852; Blatter der Erinnerung an C. F. Schmid,
Tubingen, 1852.