THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
to the nominee of the nobles, Sergius, whose intervention alone saved his rival from death. His enthronement without the consent of the Emperor Lothair was, however, regarded by the latter as an infringement of imperial prerogatives, and in the summer of S44 an army, under the command of Lothair's son, Louis, invaded Roman territory; but the pope received the prince with all honor, though not avoiding a stormy interview with the bishops and princes in Louis's train. It is clear, nevertheless, that the pope retained his position and successfully debarred the hostile army from Rome; but, on the other hand, the Romans were obliged to take the oath of allegiance to the emperor, while Sergius crowned Louis king of the Lombards and appointed Drogo of Metz papal vicar north of the Alps. At the same time, Sergius maintained an unfavorable attitude toward Ebo of Reims (see Ebo) and Bartholomew of Narbonne, who had been suspended because of their sympathy with Lothair, though later, at the instance of the emperor, he sided with Ebo against Hincmar of Reims (q.v.). During this pontificate the city of Rome was sacked, and the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul were plundered by the Saracens in Aug., 846, the pope dying shortly afterward, Jan. 27, 847.
(A. Hauck.) Bibliography: Liber pontificalia, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 86 sqq., Paris, 1894; Jaffe, Regesta, pp. 327-328; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Ptipste, i. 349, Elberfeld, 1868; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 196, Berlin, 1868; M. Heimbucher, Die Papstwahlen unter den Karolingern, pp. 149 sqq., Augsburg, 1889; Gotz, in ZKG, xv (1890), 342 sqq.; J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, ii. s22, Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 180-183, 190, hi. 83-85, 91, London, 1894-95; Bower, Popes, ii. 215-216; Platina, Popes, i, 21S-220; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 16; Hauck, KD. ii. 512-513; and especially Mann, Popes, ii. 232-257; CeUlier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 406.
Sergius III.: Pope 904-911. On the death of Theodore II., in 897, he was, although only in deacon s orders, the candidate of a faction of the populace for the papal throne, but, being forced to yield to John IX. (q.v.), he took refuge with the Margrave Adalbert in Tuscany, where he remained until the deposition of Christophorus (q.v.) in 904, when he returned to Rome, being enthroned probably Jan. 29 of the same year. He rebuilt the Lateran, which had been destroyed by an earthquake, and condemned the validity of all ordinations by Formosus (q.v.). His death occurred in May, 911.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography. Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 236, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, p. 445; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum . vita, i. 32, 37, 85, 660 sqq., Leipsic, 1S62; Marin, Popes, iv. 119-142; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 227, Berlin, 1868- R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Piipstc, ii. 76, Elberfeld, 1869; J. Langen, Geschichte der romisrhen Kirche, iii. 313, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hint, of the City of Rome, iii. 217, 220, 231-24S, London, 1895; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iv. 574; Bower, Popes, ii. 306-307; Platina, Popes, i. 243-244; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 155-158; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 741-743.
Sergius IV. : Pope 1009-1012. He was a Roman by birth, and after having been bishop of Albano, was raised to the papal throne in July, 1009. The sole traces of his brief pontificate, which was ended
by his death in June, 1012, are a number of privileges
to monasteries. He is especially noteworthy as
the first pope to adopt a new name on election, his
original name having been Peter. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 267,
Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, p. 504; J. M. Watterich,
Romanorum pontificum . vital, i. 69-S9, 700, Leipsic,
1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte des Stadt Rom, ii. 227,
Berlin, 1868; J. Langen, Geschichte der rumischen Kirche,
iii. 403; Mann, Popes, v. 142-154; Gregorovius, Hist, cf
the City of Rome, iv. 11—13, London, 1896; Bower, Popes,
ii. 334-335; Platina, Popes, i. 266-267; Milman, Latin
Christianity, iii. 222; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xiii. 64, 189-
190.
SERGIUS AND BACCHUS: Two Syrian martyrs of the early fourth century. According to the Acta and Passio (see bibliography) Sergius and Bacchus were two officers in the service of Emperor Maximinus Daja of Syria (305-313), and were so trusted by him that they were accorded his complete confidence and high rank at the palace. But they were denounced to the emperor by jealous enemies as Christians. He then ordered them to betake themselves to the temple of Jupiter, and upon their refusal had them dressed in women's garments and led through the streets of the city, and afterward sent them to Antiochus, prefect of Barbalissus (Beth Balash). After vain attempts to detach them from their faith, Bacchus was beaten to death with thongs, while Sergius was compelled to put on sandals through the soles of which nails had been driven, and was led to Resaph in Commagene and there beheaded. The fame of the martyrs spread very early, and a church in Eastern Syria is said to have been dedicated in their honor as soon as 354 (P Le Bas and W H. Waddington, Voyage archeologique en Grece et en Asie Mineure, vol. iii., no. 2124, Paris, 1847), while in 512 another was dedicated to them and to Leontius in 512. To one of the churches dedicated to Sergius Justinian's consort Theodore presented a jeweled cross, afterward carried away by the Persians and restored to Gregory of Antioch by Chosroes of Persia in 593. The repute of the martyrs spread into the West. At Rome there was an oratorium on the north side of the Vatican basilica (Romische Quartalschrift, 1896, p. 243), and still another memorial to both martyrs in Rome is attested by the Liber pontificalis (ed. Duchesne, i. 512, Paris, 1886). In France and elsewhere their names were honored, as by a cloister at Angers and a church at Chartres (E. Le Blant, Inscriptions chrttiennes de la Gaule, i. 305, Paris, 1S56). In Christian art they are represented in armor with palm branches. Their day in both the Eastern and the Western churches is Oct. 7.
Bibliography. Sources are the anonymous Acta and the account by Simeon Metaphrastes, with commentary in ASB, Oct., iii. 833-883, partly also in M PL, cxv. 1005 sqq.; cf. the Acta martyrum et sanctorum of P. Bedjan, iii. 283 sqq., Paris, 1892; the Greek Passio in Analecta Bollandiana, xiv (1895), 373 sqq.; and the " Hymn" of Walafrid Strabo in MGH, Poet. Lat. cevi Car., ii (18S4), 418-419. Consult further. J. Wolf, Die heiligen Martyrer Sergius und Bacchus Kirchenpatronen zu Kreuzeber, Gdttingen, 1823; KL, xi. 192-193; DCB, iv. 616-«17.
SERGIUS CONFESSOR: Mentioned by Photius as the author of a history of the political and ecclesiastical events during the first eight years of the