THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
text is given in Gee and Hardy, Documents, pp.
313-320.
Bibliography: J. H. Overton, The Church in England, i. 390, 395, London, 1897; J. Gairdner, The English Church in the 16th Century, passim, ib. 1903; A. Plummer, English Church History {1509-76), pp. 80-81, 84, 805, Edinburgh, 1905.
SIX-PRINCIPLES BAPTISTS. See Baptists, II., 4(a).
SIXTUS: The name of five popes.
Sixtus L: Pope in the reign of Hadrian (Liberian Catalogue) and successor of Alexander (according to the papal lists). But the monarchical constitution of the Church was not introduced into Rome before the middle of the second century, therefore Sixtus must be regarded as a presbyter whose name went on the records because he was a martyr. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 96-100; Bower, Popes, i. 11; Platina, Popes, i. 22-24 ; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 250.
Sixtus n.: Pope 257-258. He restored the communion between the Roman and African churches which had been broken off in the pontificate of his predecessor, Stephen I. (q.v.), in the strife over the baptism of heretics. He fell a martyr in the Valerian persecution, Aug. 6, 258. The later reports are mingled with legendary elements. The length of his pontificate is differently given in different sources. Harnack (TU, xiii. 1) regards him as the author of the pseudo-Cyprianic writing Ad Xovatianum, though his view has not found general acceptance. He is right, however, if the question is concerning the authorship of a composition written at Rome, 253-25S, for no other person of the period is likely as author. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: R. A. Lipsiua, Chronologie der romischen
Bischofe, p. 213, Leipsic, 1869; J. Langen, Geschichte der
rnmischen Kirche, i. 347, Bonn, 1881; Harnack, TU, xiii.
1 (1895), 1 sqq., xx. (1901), 116 sqq.; idem, Litteratur, ii.
2, pp. 190 sqq.,387 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 34-35; Platina,
Popes, i. 53-55.
Sixtus III. : Pope 432-440. He was consecrated July 31, 432; was in office during the Nestorian and Pelagian controversies, but had little interest in Christological questions, and was concerned chiefly in restoring peace between Cyril and the Syrians. In reference to Pelagianism he was opposed to Julian of Eclanum. He maintained the rights of the pope over Illyria and the position of the archbishop of Thessalonica as head of the Illyrian church. His biography mentions the building (enlargement) of the churches of St. Lorenzo and of St. Maria Maggiore and of rich gifts secured for both churches and for St. Peter's and the Lateran basilica.
(A. Hauck.) Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 96, ed. L. Duchesne, i. p. cxxvi., Paris, 1886; Jane, Regesta, i. 57; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, i. 3S7, Bonn, 1881; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, i. 184-185, London, 1894; Bower, Popes, i. 186-189: Platina, Popes, i. 103-105.
Sixtus IV. (Francesco della Rovere): Pope 1471- 1484. He was born in the vicinity of Savona (23 m. w. of Genoa) in 1414; entered the Franciscan order; studied in Pa via and Bologna, and obtained the doctor's degree at Padua. In 1464 he became general of his order; in 1467, cardinal, with the
title of S. Pietro in Vincoli. He passed not only for a learned theologian, but was also an unscrupulous autocrat, never embarrassed on the score of means. When he ascended the papal throne in 1471, he first rewarded Cardinals Orsini and Borgia, to whom he owed his election; and then endowed his nephews with dignities and benefices. The one, Giuliano, obtained bishoprics, prebends, and the cardinal's rank, in quick succession. The other, Pietro Riario, was endowed still more affluently, and became noted for his prodigality with the wealth of the Church. After Pietro's death in 1474, the pope diverted his favors to Pietro's brother, Girolamo; and in 1480 appointed him " captain general " of the Church, and made two other nephews cardinals.
The existing situation laid a double task on the pope: on the one side, the adjustment of affairs in the East and protection against the Turks; on the other side, the strengthening of the papal political power. Sixtus discharged the first of these tasks piecemeal, sending auxiliary funds to the Venetians. In the other direction, he made effectual use of his nephews, weakening the feudal lords of the Papal States, while he kept creating new complications in the territorial policy of the Italian states and thus extended his own power (cf. F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome, book xiii. 3, London, 1900). A typical instance of his procedure appears in the conspiracy set afoot, with his acquiescence, by the Pazzi in Florence against Lorenzo the Magnificent in 1478. The assassins overpowered and killed their victim, Giuliano de' Medici, at high mass, but Lorenzo escaped. The news of the miscarriage of the plot put Sixtus in a rage and he sequestered all Florentine possessions in the Papal States of the Church, and declared war on the republic; peace was concluded only in view of the new Turkish war, 1480. On the death of Mohammed II. in the following year, his intrigues turned upon Italy again, in order to widen the dominion of Girolamo, whose portion already embraced Imola and Forli, by the addition of Ferrara. This fell through, but a bloody war with the barons in the Papal States ensued. Sixtus died Aug. 12, 1484, before matters were concluded. K. Benrath. Bibliography: Pastor, Popes, iv. 197 sqq. (exhaustive); Creighton, Papacy, iv. 64-134; Muratori, Scriptores, ii., p. iii., cols. 1071 sqq.; W. Roscoe, Life of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 2 vols., new ed., London, 1876; J. Burchard, Diarium, ed. L. Thuasne, i. 1-16, Paris, 1883, Eng. transl.. Diary of John Burchard, pp. 1-15, London, 1910; S. Infessura, Diario della Citth di Roma, ed. Tommassini, pp. 75-283, Rome, 1890; J. Burckhardt, Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien, ed. H. Holtzinger, Stuttgart, 1904 ; Bower, Pope; iii. 238-254; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, § 52.
Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti): Pope 1585-1590. He was born at Grottamare (1 m. s. of Ancona) Dec. 13, 1521; received his education at the neighboring Franciscan cloister in Montalto; and soon became a favorite preacher. During the times of Julius III. he was in Rome, and won the attachment of Philip Neri (q.v.) and of Michele Ghislieri, afterward Pope Pius V After he had been regent of his order's cloisters in Siena, Naples, and Venice, where he also represented the holy office before the senate, he was recalled to Rome as the order's procurator-general. Pius V made him bishop of Fenno, and created him a cardinal in 1570. But the succeeding pope, Greg-