RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Socialism Society of Mary
tion and consumption. Experiments in meeting these needs are in progress, some of which promise as satisfactory adjustment as socialism could effect. XI. The Relation of the Church: The Christian Church has not been in favor with socialists because in their minds it is associated with oppression, in Europe with the oppression of the Roman Catholic Church, in America with the oppression of capitalists. The Church in America has not hitherto succeeded in disabusing the minds of the masses of their error, but recent activities and utterances of various branches of the Church, especially the establishment of labor departments, have been directed more efficiently to this end, and have been attended with marked success. Not a few socialists are found in the Church in England and America. The Christian Socialists in the United States have formed several organizations for conference and cooperation, notably the Christian Socialist Federation which declares for the cooperative commonwealth. Far more numerous in the Church are those who see the need of wise measures to modify the present economic system in the interest of the least paid, and of the activity of the Church as the messenger of Christ to persuade all classes to Christian brotherhood, that the change may be peaceful and permanent. Socialism, stirred by the withholding of his due from the wage-earner, attempts a solution by withholding his due from the economical and from the skilled. There is needed something more than a mere economic change; there is needed the spirit of Christ. It is the mission of the Church to teach men that spirit; and she must become the most potent agent in accomplishing that which socialism inadequately plans, the winning of the world to live in the spirit of the Redeemer. James Caetek.
Bibliography: Consult the literature under Christian Socialism, and Communism, especially the works of Noyes, Nordhoff, and Hinds. Also: Morelly, Code de la nature, Paris, 1755; F. M. C. Fourier, Theorie des quatre mouvements, Paris, 1808; idem, Le Nouveau Monde industriel; ib. 1829; C. H. St. Simon, L'Industrie, Paris, 1817; idem, L' Organisation, ib. 1819; idem, Du systeme industriel, 3 vols., ib. 1821-22; idem, Le Nouveau Christianisme, ib. 1825, Eng. transl., The New Christianity, London, 1834; J. J. L. Blanc, Organization du travail, Paris, 1840, Eng. transl., Organization of Labor, London, 1848; E. Cabet, Voyage en Icarie, Paris, 1840; J. Ruskin, Unto This Last; London, 1862; K. Marx, Das Kapital, Hamburg, 1867, new ed., 3 vols., 1906, Eng. transl., Capital, 12th ed., London, 1908; T. Woolsey, Communism and Socialism, New York, 1880; E. Bellamy, Looking Backward, Boston, 1888; idem, Equality, London, 1897; A. Schaeffle, The Quintessence of Socialism, ib. 1889; Fabian Society, Essays in Socialism, London, 1890; F. Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific, ib. 1892; R. T. Ely, Socialism: its Nature, Strength, and Weakness, ib. 1894; J. Jaures, Studies in Socialism, ib. 1906; T. Kirkup, History of Socialism, 3d ed.. New York, 1907; idem, An Inquiry into Socialism, 3d ed., ib. 1907; R. C. K. Ensor, Modern Socialism, 2d ed., New York, 1907; H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old, Edinburgh, 1908; idem, Socialism and the Family, Boston, 1908; P. Leroy- Beaulieu, Collectivism, New York, 1908; W. R. Hunter, Socialists at Work, ib. 1908; The Case against Socialism, New York, 1908; G. M. Bell, Social Service, ib. 1908; M. Hillquit, Socialism in Theory and Practice, ib. 1908; idem, Hist, of Socialism in the United States, new ed., ib. 1910; W. Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis, ib. 1908; E. P. Tenney, Contrasts in Social Progress, ib. 1908; C. B. Thompson, The Churches and the Wage Earners, ib. 1908; W. E. Chadwick, Social Work, ib. 1909; idem, Social Relationship in the Light of Chris-
tianity, London, 1910; A. St. Ledger, Australian Socialism; its Origin and Development, New York, 1909; E. Hammacher, Das philosophisch-vkonomische System des Marxismus, Leipsic, 1909; J. Spargo, Socialism, New York, 1909; J. J. Ming, The Morality of Modern Socialism, ib. 1909; T. C. Hall, Social Solutions in the Light of Christian Ethics, ib. 1910; Jane T. Stoddart, The New Socialism, New York, 1910; H. Jones, The Working Faith of the Social Reformer, London, 1910; Y. Guyot, Socialistic Fallacies, New York, 1910; W. L. Wilson, The Menace of Socialism, Philadelphia, n. d.