THE NEW
SCHAFFHERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
or
KELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITEr BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
[VOLUMES I— VI]
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
tlENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
jAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament )
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
Complete in twelve IDolumes
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
or
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief)
WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
{Associate Editor)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
BENRY KIM CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.
{Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
SON OF MAN — TREMELLIUg
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1911, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
Printed in the United States of America Published September, 1911
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor.)
New York,
Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion,
Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME XI
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
{Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.,
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section
for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.,
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.,
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.,
New York City.
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XI
JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D.,
Missionary in Bombay, India.
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Halle.
WILLIAM HENRY ALLISON, Ph.D.,
Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Theological Seminary, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y.
FRANK DE GRAFF ALTMAN, D.D.,
Former President of the Lutheran Western Theological Seminary, Atchison, Kan.
BRAYMAN WILLIAM ANTHONY, D.D., LL.D.,
President of Adrian College, Adrian, Mich.
GUSTAF EMANUEL HILDEBRAND AULEN, Th.Lic,
Docent in the University of Upsala, Sweden.
HENRY AMANTIUS AYRINHAC, S.S., D.D., LL.D.,
President of St. Patrick's Seminary, Menlo Park, Cal.
JOHN WALTER BEARDSLEE, D.D., LL.D.,
President of Western Theological Seminary, Holland, Mich.
HERMANN GEORG JULIUS BECK,
Consistorial Councilor and First Preacher, Bayreuth.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH,
D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
WILLIS JUDSON BEECHER, D.D.,
Former Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature, Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N. Y.
GEORG BEER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.
JOHANNES BELSHEIM (f),
Late Pastor Emeritus in Christiania.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU (f), Th.D.,
Late Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
VI
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XI
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.