THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
He became member of the provisional board of directors formed after the death of Zinzendorf (1760), and until his death took a leading position among the Brethren, one of his services being his assistance in formulating their system of doctrine. It is chiefly owing to Spangenberg that the Congregation of Brethren was saved from developing into sectarianism and that it maintained friendly relations with the Evangelical church. Among his literary works were Deklaration uber die zeither gegen uns ausgegangenen Beschuldigungen (Leipsic
and Gorlitz, 1751); Darlegung richtiger Antworten auf mehr als 300 Beschuldigungen gegen den ordinarium fratrum (1751); Apologetische Schluss-
schrift (2 parts, 1752); Leben des Herrn
Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herrn von Zinzendorf (8 parts, 1772-1775; Eng. transl., The Life of N. L., Count Zinzendorf, London, 1838) ; Idea fidei fratrum oder kurzer Begriff der christlichen Lehre in den evangelischen Briidergemeinen (Barby, 1779; Eng. transl., Exposition of Christian Doctrine, London, 1784). Spangenberg was also a writer of hymns, ten of which went into the denominational hymn-book of 1778. Some of these have been rendered into English, among them " The Church of Christ that he hath hallowed here," by Miss Winkworth. (G. Reichel.) Bibliography: Spangenberg left in manuscript three accounts of his life, of which the first has not been published, the second and third appeared in Archill fur neueste Kirchengeschichte, i. 40 sqq., ii. 429-487, and Nachrichten aus der Briidergemeinde, 1872, pp. 135—180. Letters of his are published in Der Briiderbote, 1872, pp. 9 sqq., 241 sqq., 1874, pp. 10 sqq., 1S76, pp. 309 sqq.; and in J. Bernoulli's Sammlung kurzer Reisebeschreibung, xvi (17S4), 195 sqq., is found a sketch of him by a contemporary, Janichen. Sketches or lives have been written by J. Loretz, in Lausitzische Monatsschrift, 1793, i. 336-358, ii. 13-31, 75-89; J. Risler, Barby, 1794; K. F. Ledderhose, Heidelberg, 1846; C. J. Nitzsch, in Evangelisches Jahrbuch, 1855, pp. 197 sqq.; G. C. Knapp, ed. O. Frick, Halle, 1884; and (best of all) by G. Reichel, Tubingen, 1906.
SPANGENBERG, CYRIAKUS: Son of Johann Spangenberg; b. at Nordhausen (105 m. w. of Leipsic) June 7, 1528; d. at Strasburg Feb. 10, 1604. He began study at the University of Wittenberg in 1542; took Ms master's degree in 1550, and in the same year the counts of Mansfeld made him preacher at the Church of St. Andrew in Eisleben. Afterward he became town and court preacher in Mansfeld, and in 1559, after the death of Michael Coelius, general dean of the county and assessor of the Eisleben consistory. He was a zealous champion of pure Lutheranism, combating the school of Melanchthon. The theologians of Mansfeld became the stanchest partizans of Flacius. The three counts, Volrad, Karl, and Hans Ernst, were in ecclesiastical affairs under the influence of Spangenberg, whose authority grew wherever anti-Philippine Lutheranism appeared. The severe invectives of Hieronymus Monzel, general superintendent of Mansfeld, and of Spangenberg induced Elector August in 1567 to cite them to Dresden to vindicate themselves, but as Counts Volrad and Christoph protested against such summons as an intrenchment of their rights, the two theologians refused to go. Spangenberg had offended the theologians of Electoral Saxony especially by seven sermons De prmdestinatione (Erfurt, 1567), in
which he taught the servum arbitrium in the sense of the older Reformed theology. In Mansfeld there developed also the tragedy of the controversy on hereditary sin which had a fatal influence upon the future life of Spangenberg. As early as 1560 Flacius had used against Strigel the expression that hereditary sin is the substance of man. Spangenberg came to the defense of Flacius after the issuance of Johann Wigand's treatise, Von der Erbsiinde, with its blunt condemnation of Flacius, with the final result that in 1575 Spangenberg and his adherents were excommunicated and Spangenberg himself was forced to flee into the district of Sangerhausen where he occupied himself with the composition of historical works and of polemical treatises. In 1578 he, together with his protector, Count Volrad, was expelled from Sangerhausen and went to Strasburg; but in 1581 he was appointed preacher at Schlitzsee-on-the- Fulda in Hesse, where he was allowed to remain until 1590. During this quiet time he concluded his large works of history, but in 1591 he was deprived of office though he was allowed to live in Vacha-onthe-Werra. About 1595 Count Ernst of Mansfeld, the nephew of Count Volrad, brought about Spangenberg's return to Strasburg, where he spent the rest of his life.
Spangenberg left an immense number of writings, in many respects faithfully following the lines of his father's literary activity. He furnished practical commentaries on Thessalonians (1557), the pastoral epistles (1559 sqq.), Corinthians (1559 sqq.); and compiled tables on the Pentateuch (1563) and other historical books of the Old Testament (1567). He also continued the hymnological work of his father, Christliches Gesangbuchlein, Von den fiirnembsten Festen (137 songs, among them some of his own, 1568); Cithara Lutheri, a series of sermons on the hymns of Luther (1569, reprinted Berlin, 1855); Der ganze Psalter gesangsweise und 11 4 schone
geistreiche Lieder der lieben Patriarchen (1582).
Among his sermons special mention may be made of Theander Lutherus (1589), a cycle of twenty-one sermons on Luther. His polemical writings refer chiefly to the controversy on original sin, on synergism, and on the Lord's Supper. In German literature he has a place as composer of spiritual comedies (1589-90). But his chief services were in the sphere of history, his most prominent works being Chronicon Corinthiacum (1562); Mansfeldische Chronica (Eisleben 1572); Historia Manicheorum (Ursel, 1578); Sdchssische Chronica (Frankfort, 1580); Quernfurtische Chronica (Erfurt, 1590); Adels Spiegel (Schmalkald, 1591-94); Hennebergische Chronica (Strasburg, 1599) ; Bonifacius oder deutsche Kirchen- Historie von 714-755 (1603), and others.
(G. Kaweratj.)
Bibliography: The principal collection of Spangenberg's letters is by H. Rembe, 2 parts, Dresden, 1887-88, though others are printed in J. Fecht, Histories ecclesiastical smcidi XVI., supplement, Frankfort, 1684, and in Mansfelder Blatter, xxii. 155 sqq. On his life consult: M. Adam, Vilce Germanorum theologorum, pp. 731 sqq., Frankfort, 1653; J. Fecht, ut sup., Apparatus, pp. 107 sqq.; J. G. Leuckfeld, Hist. Spangenbergensis, Quedlinburg. 1712 (the best) ; H. Rembe, in the reprint of Spangenberg's Formularbuchlein, Dresden, 1887; W. Hotz, in Beitrage zur hessischen Kirchengeschichte, iii. 205 sqq.; J. J. I. von D6Uinger, Die Reformation, ii. 270 sqq., Regensburg, 1848;