THE NEW SCHAFP-HERZOG
samt dem 54- Psalm ausgelegt (1529); Eyn kurtzer ausszug auss den Bepstlichen Rechten, der Decret vnd Decretalen (1530), and a number of minor works. He is also supposed to have been the author of the anonymous Hawptartikel, durch welche gemeine Christenheit bisher ver/ilhrt worden, darneben auch Grund und Anzeigen eines ganzen rechten christlichen Wesens (1522). Spengler wrote two hymns, one of which, " Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt," was translated by Bishop Miles Coverdale in 1539, and in other versions is still used by the Moravians, also appearing in the Evangelical Lutheran Hymnal published at Columbus, O., in 1880. (T. Kolde.) Bibliography: U. G. Haussdorf, Lebensbeschreibung eines christlichen Politici, . Lazari Spenglers, Nuremberg, 1740; M. M. Mayer, Spengleriana, ib. 1830; F. Roth, Die Einfiihrung der Reformation in NiXrnberg, Wiirzburg, 1885; P. Drews, W, Pirkheimers Stellung zur Reformation, Leipsic, 1887; G. Ludewig, Die Politik Nurnbergs im Zeitalter der Reformation, GQttingen, 1893; P. Kalkoff, Pirkheimers und Spenglers Lbsung vom Banne, 1521, Breslau, 1896; H. Westermeyer, in Beitrage zur bayerischen Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii., Erlangen, 1896; cf. idem, Der brandenburgischnurnbergische Kirchenordnung, ib. 1894; K. Schornbaum, Zur Politik des Markgrafen Georg von Brandenburg, Munich, 1906; Julian, Hymnology, p. 1072.
SPERATUS, sper-a'tus, PAUL : Reformer of Prussia and one of the oldest Protestant hymn-writers; b. at Rotlen (a village near Ellwangen, 45 m. e.n.e. of Stuttgart) probably Dec. 13, 1484; d. at Marienwerder (45 m. s.s.e. of Danzig) Aug. 12, 1551. He studied in Paris and Italy, and probably at Freiburg and Vienna. About 1506 he was ordained to the priesthood and was later ennobled as a papal and imperial palsgrave. As a priest he was stationed at Salzburg in 1514, became cathedral preacher there in 1516, removed to Dinkelsbiihl in 1520, and in July of the same year became cathedral preacher in Wiirzburg. His Lutheran sympathies, complicated by his marriage and his debts, forced him to flee on Nov. 21, 1521, to Salzburg, only to be speedily expelled. He then accepted a call to Ofen, in Hungary, but his denunciation of monastic vows in a sermon preached by him in St. Stephen's, Vienna (Jan. 12, 1522; printed at Konigsberg in 1524 as Sermon vom hohen Gelilbde der Taufe), led the theological faculty of Vienna to excommunicate him on Jan. 20, 1522. This precluded a position at Ofen, but before long he found a place at Iglau, where, in 1523, he was imprisoned by the bishop of Olmutz and condemned to death, escaping this fate only by the intervention of influential friends on condition that he would leave Moravia. He then went, by way of Prague, to Wittenberg, where he assisted Luther in the preparation of the first Protestant hymnal (1524). In 1524, on the recommendation of Luther, he was called to Konigsberg by Albert of Prussia (q.v.). There he was court chaplain until 1529, and from 1530 until his death was Protestant bishop of Pomerania, with his residence at Marienwerder. It was largely through his efforts that East Prussia was thoroughly Lutheranized, and its religious conditions completely reorganized. In all this he was aided by Johannes Briessmann and Johann Poliander (qq.v.); and with George of Polentz (q.v.), bishop of Samland, Ehrhard of Queiss, bishop of Pomerania, and Councilor Adrian of Waiblingen he conducted the first and most important church visi-
tation in the duchy of Prussia (1526), also taking a prominent part in the second visitation of 1528. In Jan., 1530, Speratus succeeded Ehrhard of Queiss as bishop of Pomerania, where, despite the greatest financial difficulties, he displayed marvellous ability in the Protestantizing of Prussia. He seems to have inspired the division of Prussia into three district synods and one national synod, and from 1531 to 1535 he made every effort to suppress the Schwenckfeldian movement (see Schwenckfeld von Ossig Caspar, Schwenckfeldians), his task being made still more difficult by Albert's harboring of Dutch Protestant (though non-Lutheran) refugees. The Minister outrages, however, led the duke to require unity of doctrine in Prussiain the spirit of the Lutheran church order of 1525 (the Artikel der Ceremonien und anderer Kirchenordnung, in the preparation of which Speratus himself seems to have had a share) . Speratus stood ready in 1537 to attend the proposed ecumenical council at Mantua on condition that free expression of opinion be allowed and the Bible be taken as the basis of all decrees, at the same time maintaining the right of resistance to the forcible suppression of religious opinions. In 1549 he was arbiter in the dispute between the Melanchthonian Lauterwald and the Osiandrian Funck, and though he died too soon to become a prominent figure in the Osiandrian controversy, after it had been allayed the life-work of Speratus became fully effective, influencing the Church in East Prussia until the rise of Kantian rationalism. Besides translating some of Luther's works from Latin into German and assisting in the preparation of the Etlich Gesang alles aus Grund gottlicher Schrift (Konigsberg, 1527), he wrote Wie man trotzen soil aufs Kreuz, wider die Welt zu stehen bei dem Evangelio (Wittenberg, 1524); the lost Epistola ad Batavos vagantes; and probably the Episcoporum Prussia; Pomezaniensis atque Sambiensis constitutiones synodales evangelical (manuscript in the archives at Konigsberg). The greater portion of his dogmatic writings and of his correspondence is edited by P, Tschackert in his Urkundenbuch zur Reformationsgeschichte des Herzogthums Preussen (3 vols., Leipsic, 1890). Of the five hymns of Speratus two have been translated into English: " Es ist das Heil uns kommen her " as " To us salvation now is come"; and " In Gott gelaub ich, dass er hat aus nicht " as " In God I trust, for so I must " (by Miles Coverdale, who also made a version of the former hymn, "Now is our health come from above "). (Paul Tschackert.) Bibliography: Aa sources use should be made of his works as given in the text, and of his Briefwechsel, in P. Tschackert, Urkundenbuch zur Reformationsgeschichte des Herzogthums Preussen, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1890. Consult further: C. J. Cosack, Paulus Speratus, Leben und Lieder, Brunswick, 1861; P. Tschackert, Paul Speratus von Rotlen, Halle, 1891; T. Kolde, in Beitrage zur bayerischen Kirchengeschichte, vol. vi., part 2, Erlangen, 1899; B. Schumacher, Niederlandische Ansiedlungen im Herzogtum Preussen zur Zeit Herzog Albrechts, Leipsic, 1903; J. Zeller, Paulus Speratus, seine Herkunft, sein Studiengang, und sWM Thatigkeit bis 1522, Stuttgart, 1907; Julian, HymnolW, pp. 1073-74.
SPEYER, spai'er or spair, BISHOPRIC OF: A
German diocese first specifically mentioned in 614 although Christianity may have been implanted in the region during the Roman period. It later be-