RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Stole Stoning
to the dispensation of the other sacraments, as the communion, extreme unction, and ordination, and frequently, penance. In individual dioceses the fees in connection with baptisms, penance, and the churching of women are dispensed with. The amount depends on the regulations or local custom. The earlier practise of proportioning the tax according to the rank of the person is discontinued, but instead there is introduced a grading according to the means of the applicant, that is, his civic assessment. The regulation of the stole-fee system is under the jurisdiction of the bishop, with the advice of the priests and his assistants. By a decree of 1896 this is conditioned by previous concurrences in provincial synods or bishops' conventions. Disputes, according to canon law, are subject to the ecclesiastical courts. In Prussia the state courts, by virtue of state control, may hear and adjudicate complaints. In Bavaria the administrative boards and administrative courts control disputes and enforce payments, and in Austria these, in addition, punish exorbitant charges by a fine and enforced restitution. From stole fees are to be excepted the stipends for masses, and fees for burial sites, pews, utensils, and candles. The legal administration of stole fees according to Evangelical church law is similar to the Roman Catholic. They must not be asked in advance, nor must the rites be suspended until payment has been made, and the necessary official services must be rendered to the poor. Those legally entitled are the official pastors, or, relatively, church treasuries, or those who administer the pastoral income. The whole amount is regulated by the church order or canonical precept with allowance for local observances. The levy and approval of the taxes belongs to the church governing boards. With the introduction of presbyterial and synodal provisions the initiative to alteration devolves upon the congregational organs. (U. Stutz.)
Bibliography: H. M. G. Grellmann, Kurze Geschichte der Stolgebiihren, Gbttingen, 1785; F. F. Fertsch, Das Beichtgeld in der protestantischen Kirche, Giessen, 1830; J. A. H. Tittmann, Ueber die Fixierung der Stolgebiihren, Leipsic, 1831; P. Baldauf, Die Stolgebiihren in den oster-
reichischen Provinzen, Graz, 1835; E. L. Hagen, Die pfarramtlichen Besoldungen, Neustadt, 1844; F. Koldewey, Das Alter der Stolgebiihren in der evang.-lutherischen Kirche des Herzogtums Braunschweig, Brunswick, 1871; R. D. Urlin, Legal Guide to the Clergy, London, 1881; H. W. Cripps, The Law Relating to the Church and Clergy, ed. C. A. Cripps, London, 1886; J. H. Blunt, Book of Church Law, Revised by Sir W. G. F. Phillimore, London, 1888; G. Bossert, Die Stolgebiihrenfrage in der evangelischen Landeskirche Wurttembergs, Stuttgart, 1891; A. Luchaire, Manuel des institutions francaises, piriode des Capetiens directs, pp. 350-351, Paris, 1892; L. Benario, Die Stolgebiihren nach bayerischem Staatskirchenrecht, Munich, 1894; V. Karl, Grundzuge des bayerischen Stolrechtes, Wiirzburg, 1894; U. Stutz, Die Eigenkirche als Element des mittelalterlich-germanischen Kirchenrechts, p. 27, Berlin, 1895; idem, Geschichte des kirchlichen Benefizialwesens, i. 1, pp. 93, 272, ib. 1895; J. Imbart de la Tour, Les Paroisses rurales du iv. au xi. sikcle, Paris, 1900; C. Meurer, Bayerisches Kirchenvermogensrecht, ii. 299 sqq., Stuttgart, 1901; B. Kaltner, Die neue Stolordnung fur das Herzogtum Salzburg, Brunn, 1904; G. Liittgert, Evangelisches Kirchenrecht in Rheinland und Westfalen, pp. 553 sqq., Gutersloh, 1905; Milasch-Pessic, Das Kirchenrecht der morgenlandischen Kirche, 2d ed., pp. 546-547, Mostar, 1905; A- Freisen, Der . . Pfarrzwang und seine Aufhebung in Oesterreich und den deutschen Bundesstaaten, Paderborn, 1906; Hauck, KD, ii. 273, 717, iv. 21, 48.
STONE OF MESHA. See Moabite Stone.
STONE, BARTON WARREN: Disciple of Christ; b. near Port Tobacco, Md., Dec. 24, 1772; d. at Hannibal, Mo., Nov. 9, 1844. He graduated from the academy at Guilford, N. C, in 1793; taught in Washington, Ga., and studied theology, then entered the Presbyterian ministry as a licentiate in 1796, being ordained as pastor of the churches at Caneridge and Concord, Ky., 1798; in 1801 he was led to renounce Calvinism, and with four other clergymen formed the Springfield Presbytery in 1803, though this was dissolved in 1804 and formed into the Christian Church (see Chhistians, 2); he then turned for a time to farming and teaching, meanwhile preaching and founding churches in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; in 1826 he was editor of The Christian Messenger; in 1832 he assisted in a union of the churches known after him as " Stoneite " with the " Campbellite " churches in Kentucky (see Disciples of Christ, § 1); after removing to Jacksonville, 111., in 1834, he continued to labor for the denomination until his death, both by preaching and editing. He wrote Letters on the Atonement (1805); Address to the Christian Churches (1805); and Letters to Dr. James Blythe (1822).
Bibliography: B. B. Tyler, in American Church History Series, xii. 11, 13, 20, 22, 31, 32, New York, 1894, and in general the works on the early history of the denominations with which he was connected.
STONE, DARWELL: Church of England; b. at Rosset, Denbighshire (19 m. s. of Liverpool), Sept. 15, 1859. He received his education at Merton College, Oxford (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1885; B.D., 1909; D.D., 1909); was made deacon in 1883 and priest in 1885; was curate of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, 1883-84; vice-principal of Dorchester Missionary College, 1885-88, and principal, 1888-1903; librarian of Pusey Memorial Library, Oxford, 1903- 1909, and principal of the same since 1909. He " accepts the^principles of the Tractarian movement in the Church of England, and is a student of the history of doctrine and criticism." He has published: Holy Baptism (London, 1899; 4th ed., 1905) ; Outlines of Christian Dogma (1900; 4th ed., 1908); Christ and Human Life (1901); Meditations for Use in Retreat (1902); The Church of England. An Appeal to Facts and Principles (1903; in collaboration with W. C. E. Newbolt) ; The Invocation of Saints (1903); The Discipline of Faith (1904); The Holy Communion (1904); The Christian Church (1905); and A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist (2 vols., 1909).
STONING, HEBREW USE OF: The employment of stones as a weapon of offense is common to various stages of civilization. Cases may be cited from the heroic age of the Greeks (Iliad, iii. 57; jEschylus, Agememnon, 1608) or from their historical period (Thucydides, v. 60; Pausanius, VIII., v. 8), while the Roman mobs were not averse to the use of stones as weapons (Cicero, Pro domo, v. ; Quintilian, Declamatio, XII., xii.). It was a custom also to throw stones toward the grave of a hated individual. It is not surprising to hear that in Persia Antiochus Epiphanes was reputed to have met his death by stoning (II Mace. i. 16), and that in Israel
Stoning Stosch