RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Sweden Swedenborg
Protestant theology were represented in Lund, the theology of Upsala had remained more uniform. This was due to the exclusion of the new development beginning with Schleiermacher. The prevailing characteristic was a strict confessional orthodoxy, embracing a Pietistic element as well as a liberal Low-church tendency as distinguished from the High-church tendency of Lund. Among theologians at Upsala were L. Lindblad (d. 1837); the exegetes A. E. Knos (d. 1862) and O. F. Myrberg (d. 1899); and the church historians, L. A. Anjou (d. 1884), Theodore Norlin (d. 1870), and C. A. Cornelius (d. 1893). Outside of the theological faculties, J. Hallenberg wrote a distinguished commentary on Revelation (3 vols., 1800); and N. Ignell (d. 1864) wrote Grundziige der christlichen Sittenlehre (1842^9), and Menslikliga utvecklingens historia (Stockholm, 1855-62). (G. Aulen.)
Bibliography: For the political history the best work is E. Hildebrand, Sveriges Historia, Stockholm, 1903 sqq.; and for the organization of the state, idem, Den svenska Statsforfattningens historiska Utveckling, ib. 1896. On the Swedish church a good work is H. Hildebrand, Sveriges Medeltid, part iii., on the church, ib. 1903, to which add H. Reuterdahl's Svenska kyrkans historia, ut sup., Germ, transl., Berlin, 1837. For later history there is available: L. Stavenow, Frihetstiden, Gothenburg, 1898; idem, Gustaf III., ib. 1901; H. Hjaine, Gustaf Adolf, Stockholm, 1901; idem, Karl XII., ib. 1902. On the history of Swedish literature consult: H. Schiick, Svensk Litteraturhistoria, vol. i., Stockholm, 1890; idem and C. Warburg, Illustrerad svensk Litteraturhistoria, ib., 1895 sqq. Consult further: E. Tegner, Die Kirche Schwedens in den beiden letzten Jahrzehnten, Stralsund, 1837; E. G. Geyer, Hist, de la Suede, Paris, 1840; A. G. Knos, Die schwedische Reformation, Berlin, 1852; L. A. Anjou, Hist, of the Reformation in Sweden, New York, 1859; idem, Svenska kyrkans historia fran Upsala mote 1593, Stockholm, 1866; T. Norlin, Svenska kyrkans historia efter reformationen (1549—1649), Lund, 1864-71; M. Weibull, Lunds Vniversitets Historia, Lund, 1868; A. Crichton and H. Wheaton, Scandinavia, Ancient and Modern, 2 vols., New York, 1872; H. Hildebrand, Das heidnische Zeitalter in Schweden, Hamburg, 1873; C. Annerstedt, Upsala Universitets Historia, Upsala, 1877; J. Weidling, Schwedische Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation, Gotha, 1882; C. M. Butler, The Reformation in Sweden, New York, 1883, new issue, 1900; W. Tottie, Jesper Svedberg, Upsala, 1885-90; G. Billing, Ebbe Gustaf Bring, Lund, 1886; R. Sundelin, Swedenborgianismen i Sverige, Upsala, 1886; C. A. Cornelius, Svenska Kyrkans historia efter Reformationen, Upsala, 1886; idem, Handbok i svenska Kyrkans Historia, 3d ed., ib. 1892; J. B. Baur, Die Kapuziner und die schwedische Generalitat im 30-jahrigen Kriege, Brixen, 1887; P. B. Watson, The Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa, London, 1889; F. Puaux, Hist, de I'etablissement des protestants francais en Suede, Paris, 1891; H. LundstrQm, Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Upsala, 1892- 1898; O. Ahnfelt, Utvecklingen af Svenska kyrkans ordning under Gustaf I., Lund, 1893; H. Hjaine. Reformationsriksdagen i Vesteras, Stockholm, 1893; J. A. Kallstrom, Bidrag till den Svenska Pietismens Historia, Stockholm, 1894; H. Wordin, De eklesiastika deputationerna, Strengnas, 1895; E. J. Ekman, Den inre missionen historia, Stockholm, 1896-1902; K. O. Lundquist, De Svenska domkjapitlen under medeltiden, Upsala, 1897; K. A. Appelberg, Kyrkansrattskja Stallning i Sverige, Helsingsfors, 1900; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, ii. 431 sqq., Berlin, 1901; H. Lundstrom, Skizzer och Kritiker, Stockholm, 1903; E. Hildebrand, Gustaf Vasa och hans sbner, ib. 1903-04 ; L. M. Baath, Bidrag till kanonisker rattens historia i Sverige, Stockholm, 1905; T. Hojer, Vadstena klosters och Birgittenordens historia, Upsala, 1905; R. Chartin, Gustaf Vasa et la reforme en Suede, Paris, 1906; G. Aulen, Renterdahl, Upsala, 1907; R. Holm, Terserus, Lund, 1907; H. von Schubert, Kirchengeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins, Kiel, 1907; H. Holmquist, De svenska domkapitlen 1571-1687, Upsala, 1908; N. Jakobson, Den svenska herrnhutismens uppkemot, ib. 1908; E. Rodhe, Kyrka och skole, Lund, 1908;
G. M. Williams, The Church of Sweden and the Anglican Communion, Milwaukee, 1910; E. Linderholm, Rosen, Upsala, 1911; K. B. Westman, Birgittastudier, ib. 1911; J. Wordsworth, National Church of Sweden, London, 1911.
SWEDENBORG, swl'den-berg, EMANUEL.
I. Life.
Parentage and Education (§ 1). Scientific Labors (§ 2). II. His Writings.
1. Scientific.
2. Philosophical. Philosophy of Matter (§1). Mind and " Tremulation " (§ 2). Psycho-Physiology; Correspondences (§ 3). Transition to Theology (§ 4).
Call as a Seer (§5).
3. Theological.
The " Internal Sense " of Scripture (§ 1).
Heaven, Hell, Spirits, and Revelation (§ 2).
Doctrines of Christ and the Scriptures (§ 3).
Life and Faith (§ 4).
The " Angelic Wisdom " (§ 5).
Marriage; the Planets; Summary (§ 6).
III. Close of Life; Death and Burial.
IV. Recent Honors.
1. Life: Emanuel Swedenborg (Swedberg) was born in Stockholm Jan. 29, 1688; d. in London Mar. 29, 1772. His father, Jesper Swedberg, was at the time Lutheran court chaplain, afterward professor and dean of the University of Upsala, and bishop of Skara from 1702 to his death in 1735.
He was distinguished for his religious i. Parent- zeal, his upright life, and by his exage and tensive writings. The family were de- Education, scendants of Daniel Isaacson, a mining
peasant-proprietor in Fahlun, who gave the name Sweden to their property. When the family of the bishop was ennobled by Queen Ulrica Eleanora in 1719, the name Swedenborg was given it. Swedenborg's mother, Sara Behm, was also the daughter of a miner, Albrecht Behm, and therefore Emanuel inherited on both sides a bent for mining pursuits. Piously educated at home under his tutor, Dr. Moreus, Emanuel pursued his studies at the Upsala University till 1709, experiencing something of the Cartesian controversy rife at that time, and acquiring facility in the classics and in the writing of Latin verse. On leaving the university he at first, under the friendly patronage of his brotherin-law, Eric Benzelius, afterward archbishop, made a journey to England in pursuit of scientific knowledge, especially of mathematics and astronomy, meeting Flamsteed in London, and Halley in Oxford, " studying Newton daily " and acquainting himself in the workshops with various trades and arts, including the grinding of lenses. Returning to Sweden he published a book of verses, Camena Borea, edited a mathematical journal, Dcedalus Hyperboreus, and, in 1716, published the first algebra produced in Sweden.
He devoted himself to the study of metals and mines, the action of water on the earth's surface, the discovery of longitude by the moon, and meanwhile was fertile in remarkable inventions, many
of which are only at the present day
2. Scien- coming to practical experiment, intific Labors, eluding the submarine war vessel, the
flying-machine, and the machine gun. Attracted by his genius and ability, King Charles XII. called Swedenborg to his service in the college
Swedenborg