RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Switzerland
another which necessitated a complete revision of the fundamental law of the State Church. The synod, in extraordinary session, opposed the bill and almost unanimously replied to the superior council, apropos of a revision of the fundamental church law of 1848, by protesting against political competence to enact confessional statutes, and against their consolidation with so-called liberal Protestantism. It demanded the same autonomy as was given to other non-established churches, and, in the case of the revision of the organic church law, requested that such be undertaken only in consultation with the church boards and be submitted to popular vote. The government ignored the letter. The bill projected by it was in turn rejected by the synod, with only one negative vote, which declared it to be perilous to the State Church on the ground that the State exceeds its rights in prescribing the qualifications of electors and their rights in ecclesiastical matters; in claiming absolute freedom of doctrine for pastors and professors; in creating a synod which abrogated the colloquies and in pointing out sua sponte its attributes. Further, the identification of the ecclesiastical with the political voter, the interdiction upon the church of confessing its faith, the eligibility of any graduate citizen as a pastor without any guaranty as regards culture or morality, were pronounced measures detrimental to the State Church. To this was attached the proposition of the separation in autonomous congregations of the Evangelicals and liberal Protestants, all to share in the privileges and goods afforded by the state, or, best of all, the separation of church and state. Signed by 55 clergymen and supported by a petition of 10,300 signatures, this document was presented; nevertheless, the grand council, by a vote of 47 to 40, adopted the projected bill, further aggravated by the clause that the professors of theology should be chosen by the government and not by the synod. A second petition asking for the separation resulted in a submission to popular vote and by a majority of 16 out of 13,956 revision was lost. Nothing remained to be done but to organize a free church. Twentyone congregations with twenty-four pastors founded the Eglise evangelique neuchateloise indgpendante de l'Stat. From that time, 1873, the Free Church of the canton of Neuchatel has developed; the number of its members has increased from year to year; and the participation in the Evangelization of France, Belgium, Spain, and Italy and in the Mission romande is very energetic and self-denying.
C. Correvon.
Bibliography: Collections of titles are to be found in: Sohaff, Christian Church, vol. vii. — the literature, general and special, on the Reformation is given with great fulness in this work; F. Lauchert, Bibliographic der christlich-katholischen Kirche der Schweiz, Bern, 1893; G. Finsler, Bibliographie der evangelisch-reformirten Kirche in der Schweiz, Bern, 1896. On the general history of Switzerland consult: C. Gareis and P. Zorn, Stoat und Kirche in der Schweiz, 2 vols., Zurich, 1877-78; A. von Orelli, Das Staatsrecht der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Freiburg, 1885; K. Dandliker, Geschichte der Schweiz . . von den altesten Zeiten, 3 vols., Zurich, 1893-95, cf. his Short History of Switzerland, London, 1899; B. van Muyden, Hist, de la nation Suisse, 3 vols., Lausanne, 1896-99; Cambridge Modern History, vols, i.-xii.. New York, 1902-10.
For history prior to the Reformation consult: E. F.
Gelpke, Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz unter der Rbmer- Burgunder- und Alemannzeit, 2 vols., Bern, 1856-61- J. C. Moerikofer, Bilder aus dem kirchlichen Leben der bchweiz, Leipsic, 1864; A. Liitolf, Die Glaubensboten in der Schweiz, Lucerne, 1871; F. Naef, Les Premiers Jours du chnstianisme en Suisse, Lausanne, 1879; E Egli Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz bis auf Karl den Grossen, Zurich, 1893; E. Herzog, Beitrage zur Vorgeschichte der christkathohschen Kirche der Schweiz, Bern, 1896; J. A. Gautier, Hist, de Genive des origines a Vannee 1691 6 vols., Geneva, 1896-1901.
On the Reformation consult: The works of the Swiss Reformers, Bullinger, Calvin, Farel, Leo Jud, OScolampadius, Vadianus, and Zwingli, and the literature under the articles on them in this work; Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vii.; S. Fischer, Die Reformation in Bern, Bern, 1827; J. Kuhn, Die Reformation Berns, Bern, 1828; A. Ruchat, Hist, de la reformation de la Suisse, 7 vols , 2d ed., Nyon, 1835-38; H. Bullinger, Reformationsgeschichte nach dem Autographon, ed. J. Hottinger and H. Vogeli 3 vols., Frauenfeld, 1838-40; K. B. Hundeshagen, Die Konflikte des Calvinismus, Zwinglianismus und Lutherthums in der Berner Landeskirche, Bern, 1842; F. Godet, Hist, de la reformation dans le pays de Neuchatel, Neuchatel, 1859; W. M. Blackburn, William Farel: Story of the Swiss Reformation, Edinburgh, 1867; Archiv fiXr die schweizerischeReformations-Geschichte, Freiburg, 1869 sqq.; E. Egli, Die Zurcher Wiedertaufer zur Reformationszeit, Zurich, 1878; K. R. Hagenbach, Hist, of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, Edinburgh, 1878-79; A. L. Herminjard, Correspondance des reformateurs, 9 vols., Geneva, 1878-97; Actensammlung zur schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte, 1521-32, ed. J. Strickler, 5 vols., Zurich, 1878-84; Actensammlung zur Geschichte der Zurcher Reformation 1519-33, ed. E. Egli, Zurich, 1879; H. G. Sulzberger, Geschichte der Reformation im Kanton Graubunden, Coire, 1880; H. S. Burrage, History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland, Philadelphia, 1882; H. Escher, Die Glaubensparteien in der Eidgenossenschaft, Frauenfeld, 1882; R. Nitzsche, Geschichte der Wiedertaufer in der Schweiz, Einsiedeln, 1885; E. Baehler, Le Comte de la Croix. Ein Beitrag zur Reformationsgeschichte der Westschweiz, Biel, 1895; E. Choisy, La Theocratie a Genive au temps de Calvin, Geneva, 1896; E. Issel, Die Reformation in Konstanz, Freiburg, 1898; A. Bernus, T de Beze a Lausanne, Etude, Lausanne, 1900; Quellen zur schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte, ed. E. Egli, Basel, 1901 ; H. Vuilleumier, La Religion de nos peres, Lausanne, 1888; idem, L'Eglise du pays de Vaud aux temps de la reformation, ib. 1902; Cambridge Modern History, ii. 305-341, New York, 1904; Die Chronik des Laurencius Bosshart von Winterthur 1185- 1582, ed. K. Hauser, Basel, 1905.
On history since the Reformation use: G. Finsler, Kirchliche Statistik der reformierten Schweiz, Stuttgart, 1854 (valuable); J. Gaberel, Hist, de V eglise de Geneve . . . jusqu'a nos jours, 3 vols., Geneva, 1858-62; J. Cart, Hist, du mouvement religieux et ecclesiastique dans le canton de Vaud pendant la premiere moitie du 19. siecle, 6 vols., Lausanne, 1870-79; G. R. Zimmerman, Die Zurcher Kirche und ihre Antistes, Zurich, 1877; idem, Die Zurcher Kirche 1519-1819, ib. 1878; H. Fleury, Hist, de Veglise de Genive, 3 vols., Geneva, 1879-81 (comes to 1820); G. Finsler, Geschichte der theologisch-kirchlichen Entwickelung in der deutsch-reformirten Schweiz seit den SO Jahren, Zurich, 1881; J. Genoud, Les Saints de la Suisse francaise, 2 vols., Paris, 1882; E. Bloesch, Geschichte der schweizerisch-reformirten Kirchen, 2 vols., Bern, 1898-99; S. Grueter, Der Anteil der katholischen und protestantischen Orte der Eidgenossenschaft an den Kampen im Wallis, 1600-13, Stans, 1900; W. Hadorn, Geschichte des Pietismus in den schweizerisch-reformirten Kirchen, Constance, 1901; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, ii. 466 sqq., Berlin, 1901; W. Hadorn, Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz, Zurich, 1907; T. de La Rive, La Separation de I'iglise et de Vitat h Genive, Paris, 1909.
On the Free Churches consult: Bulletin des seances du synode constituant de Veglise evangMique neuchateloise, Neuchatel, 1874; E. Guers, Notice historique sur Veglise evangMique libre de Genive, Geneva, 1875; J. Cart, Hist, du mouvement religieux dans la canton de Vaud, vol. vi., Lausanne, 1880; L. Monastier, Une voix de jadis sur I'origine et les premiers pas de Veglise ivangelique libre du canton de Vaud, ib. 1885; Constitution de I'iglise evan-
Sword Symbolics