THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
2. In
Electoral
Saxony.
doxorum (1648) of all opponents of the Reformed, in condemnation of their new colleagues. Calovius used the term " syncretism " as one of the springs of ruin, and hence " syncretist " fastened itself more and more to the " more moderate theologians " of Helmstedt and the tendency which they represented. The battle continued in Prussia with literary broadsides pro and con until after the death of Myslenta.
Political jealousy and strife also played their part in the controversies. For years the electorate of Saxony had sought to prevent the grant of an equal status to the Reformed, in favor of the other two electorates, of the Palatinate and Brandenburg; but, in the Peace of Westphalia (see Westphalia, Peace of) its aim was defeated. Equality of religious practise was sustained. The Reformed professed themselves adherents of the Augsburg Confession as a genus to which the two bodies were as species, to which electoral Saxony objected in vain (1649). Even the assignment as director of the Corpus Evangelicorum (1653) could not compensate for the humiliation of Saxony. The theologians of Wittenberg and Leipsic made a report that the theologians of Helmstedt were astray not only on the necessity of good works, but also on almost every article of faith, and Johann Georg bade them to set this forth " article by article " (Jan. 21, 1648). On June 16, 1649, the elector issued an address to the three dukes of Brunswick, who maintained Helmstedt as their joint university, personally assuming all the charges against Calixtus, whom he accused of patching together a new religion and introducing violent schisms. He asked that the theologians of Helmstedt be prohibited from issuing polemics against his theologians, and invited the dukes to a proposed alliance of Evangelical states for restrictive measures, under threat of assuming protection against schism. On the other side, the dukes of Brunswick had commissioned Konrad Horneius (q.v.) to prepare an apology against the Konigsberg censures (ut sup.) and requested an exposition in German of the points (1) on the authority of the ancient Church, (2) good works, (3) the New- Testament proof of the Trinity, (4) the theophanies of the Old Testament, and (5) the unity of dissidents charged as " syncretists." Calixtus elaborated the third and fourth points, Num mysterium trinitatis e solius, etc. (1649). Now, he furnished an apology against Johann Georg's address, and the dukes of Brunswick in joint reply to the latter (1650) offered to acquiesce in the suppression of the polemical writings of their theologians, provisionally, if he would take the same steps, and proposed a convention to devise counsels against schisms in behalf of peace, but intimated resistance to the threatened directorate, if the same implied the assertion of superiority by force. But the elector only consented to a more vehement polemic. The call of Calovius to a professorship at Wittenberg meant the concentration of forces and occurred amid fresh polemical explosions. Hiilsemann issued Dialysis apologetica problematic Calixtini num mysterium trinitatis (1649); Judicium de Calixtino desiderio concordicB ecclesiastics (1650); and, finally, Der
calixtinische Gewissenswurm (1654), a work exceeding 1,600 pages. Most active was Calovius, who produced, besides his wailing inaugural, Consideratio novm theologies Helmstadioregiomontanorum syncretistarum (1649); and Syncretismus Calixtinus (1653). Ninety-eight heresies of Calixtus were collected and a conference of theologians demanded by the party of Calovius; but this effort failed owing to the wise suspicion of the dukes of Saxony, who were first invited, and the Jena theologians, that the veiled pretension concealed the design of a joint attack upon the dukes of Brunswick, their exclusion from the Lutheran body, and, consequently, a widening of the schism. At the most recent diet at Regensburg, twenty-four Evangelical estates had united in a call for a conference of peaceable theologians and state representatives and in an appeal for silence on the part of both theological factions. But Johann Georg, upon whom, as director of the corpus Evangelicorum, first action devolved, gave heed to neither. His theologians now clamored for the expulsion of the Helmstedt party from the Lutheran Church on the basis of the ninety-eight heresies. A consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutherans was drawn up as a new confession. In eighty-six parts, following the order of the Augsburg Confession, it was arranged, each according to the scheme of (1) the right doctrine (profitemur) ; (2) the dissidence of the Helmstedt faction (rejicimus) ; (3) proofs from the writings of the latter (ita docet). Subscribed first by the Leipsic and Wittenberg theologians, the signatures of others were sought by a fresh productivity of the pen of Calovius; Harmonia Calixtina-hmretica (1655) of 1,200 quarto pages; Sy sterna locorum theologicorum (2 vols., 1655) ; and Fides veterum et imprimis fidelium mundi antediluviani in Christum (1655), in which the heresies of Calixtus were mentioned as the " excrements of Satan." But the acceptance of the confession elsewhere could not be secured, and the death of Calixtus, 1656, followed the same year by that of Johann Georg, produced a lull in the storm. 2. The Second Period: The peace of Westphalia had restored the more Lutheran parts of North Hesse to the Reformed rule of Cassel, including, practically, the control of Schaumburg and the University of Rinteln. The policy of *• In Landgrave Wilhelm VI. was broad and Cassel' lenient enough under the liberal church order to effect the union of Lutheran and Reformed elements. The University of Magdeburg, reopened in 1653, was pledged to promote " the ecclesiastical peace and concord of all Protestants," and to a mediating theology. Further, to promote the union and abate partizan hatred, the landgrave called a colloquy at Cassel June 1-9, 1661. When the Wittenberg theologians, Calovius, J. A. Quenstedt, and Johann Deutschmann (qq.v.) heard of it eight months later, they issued a violent attack, Epicrisis de colloquio Casselano Rintelio- Marpurgensium (1662) which they despatched far and wide to the faculties and ministeria. In consequence, the three faculties of Saxony united in a representation to the theologians of Rinteln in which the repudiation of the elonohus against the Reformed and of their condemnation in worship