RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Tate Tauler
tion. The means of creation was the dynamis logikS (" power expressed in words ")• At first there proceeded from God the Logos who, generated in the beginning, was to produce the world by creating matter from which the whole creation sprang. Creation is penetrated by the pneuma hylikon, " world spirit," which is common to angels, stars, men, animals, and plants. This world spirit is lower than the divine pneuma, and becomes in man the psyche or " soul," so that on the material side and in his soul man does not differ essentially from the animals; though at the same time he is called to a peculiar union with the divine spirit, which raises him above the animals. This spirit is the image of God in man, and to it man's immortality is due. The first-born of the spirits fell and caused others to fall, and thus the demons originated. The fall of the spirits was brought about through their desire to separate man from God, in order that he might serve not God but them. Man, however, was implicated in this fall, lost his blessed abode and his soul was deserted by the divine spirit, and sank into the material sphere, in which only a faint reminiscence of God remained alive. As by freedom man fell, so by freedom he may turn again to God. The Spirit unites with the souls of those who walk uprightly; through the prophets he reminds men of their lost likeness to God. Although Tatian does not mention the name of Jesus, his doctrine of redemption culminates in his Christology. Other (lost) writings of Tatian are a work written before the " Address to the Greeks " and treating the nature of man as contrasted with the nature of the animals, and a Problematon biblion, which aimed to present a compilation of obscure Scripture sayings.
(E. Peeuschen.)
Bibliography: On Tatian: H. A. Daniel, Tatianus der Apologet, Halle, 1837; J. Donaldson, Critical Hist, of Christian Literature and Doctrine, iii. 3 sqq., Oxford, 1866;
A. Hilgenfeld, Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums, pp. 384 sqq., Leipsic, 1884; T. Zahn. in Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, i. 268 sqq., Erlangen, 1881; Harnack, in TV, ii. 1-2 (1886); idem, Litteratur, i. 485 sqq., ii. 1, pp. 284 sqq.; idem, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th. ed., xxiii. 80 sqq., cf. K. Lake, in 11th ed., xxvi. 450- 451 ; F. R. Wynne, J. H. Bernard, and S. Hemphill, Literature of the Second Century, London, 1881; F. X. Funk, Kirchengeschichtliche Abhandlungen, ii. 142 sqq., Paderborn, 1899; O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur, i. 242 sqq., Freiburg, 1902; Kruger, History, pp. 117-121; DCS, iv. 783-803; KL, xi. 1233 sqq.
Editions of the " Address " are: the editio princeps by Frisius and Gessner, Zurich, 1546; by J. C. T. Otto, in Corpus apologetarum Christianorum, vol. vi., Jena, 1851; and the independent one by E. Schwartz, in TV, iv. 1 (1888). There is an Eng. transl. in ANF, ii. 65-83. For discussions, besides the introductions to the editions and in the treatment of Tatian's life and work, consult: G. E. Freppel, Les Apologistes Chretiens au ii. siecle, Paris, 1860;
B. Aube, De V apologetique chretienne au 2. sidcle, ib. 1861; H. Dembowski, Die Quellen der christlichen Apologetik, part i., Leipsic, 1878; W. Steuer, Die Gottes- und Logoslehre des Tatians, ib. 1893; B. Ponschab, Tatians Rede an die Griechen, Metten, 1895; R. C. Kukula, Tatians sogenannte Apologie, Leipsic, 1900; J. Draseke, in ZWT, xliii (1900), 603 sqq.; H. U. Meyboom, in ThT, xxxvii (1903), 440 sqq.
For the Diatessaron it is to be noted that all earlier works are discounted by the careful reconstruction by T. Zahn, in Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, vol. i., Erlangen, 1881, cf. ii. 286 sqq., and also Zahn's Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, ii. 2, pp. 530 sqq., Leipsic, 1891. The fragments found in later writers have been collected by H, Goussen, in Studio, theo-
logica, vol. i., Leipsic, 1895, and by J. R. Harris, Fragments of the Commentary of Ephrem Syrus upon the Diatessaron, London, 1895. The Arabic working over was issued by A. Giasca, Tatiani Evangelical harmonica? Arabice, Rome, 1888 (with a Latin transl., which is rendered into English, with an introduction by J. H. Hill, The Earliest Life of Christ ever Compiled from the Gospels, Being the Diatessaron of Tatian, Edinburgh, 1894, 2d ed., 1910, and an Eng. transl. of the Arabic is furnished in ANF, ix. 9-138; all of these are provided with critical apparatus). The Codex Fuldensis was edited by E. Ranke, Marburg, 1868. The early German version haa been edited by J. A. Schmeller, Vienna, 1841, and by E. Sievers, Paderborn, 1892. Discussions other than those above indicated are: A. Harnack, in ZKG, iv (1881), 471-505; J. P. P. Martin, in Revue des questions historiquet, xxxiii (1883), 349 sqq., xliv (1888), 5 sqq.; S. Hemphill, The Diatessaron of Tatian, London, 1888; J. R. Harris, The Diatessaron of Tatian, ib. 1890; idem, in Contemporary Review, 1893, pp. 800 sqq.; M. Maher, Recent Evidence for the Authenticity of the Gospels; Tatian's Diatessaron, ib. 1893; B. W. Bacon, in AJT, 1900, pp. 770 sqq.; G. H. Turner, in Journal of Theological Studies, iii (1902), 110 sqq.; F. G. Burkitt, Early Eastern Christianity, London, 1904; A. Hobson, The Diatessaron of Tatian and the Synoptic Problem, Chicago, 1904; K. Lake, in Expository Times, 1906, p. 286. See also Habmony op thh Gospels.
TATTAM, HENRY: Orientalist; b. in Ireland Dec. 28, 1789; d. at Stanford Rivers (7 m. n.e. of Charing Cross, London) Jan. 8, 1868. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the universities of Gottingen and Leyden; held the benefices of St. Cuthbert's, Bedford, 1822-49, and of Great Woolstone, near Newpont Pagnell, 1831^9. He was archdeacon of Bedford, 1845-66, and from 1849 till his death, rector of Stanford Rivers, and also chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen. His fame rests upon his labors on Coptic, in which he was an authority. He discovered in the Nitrian convent, and secured for the British Museum, a splendid collection of ancient Syriac manuscripts. He edited in Arabic and Coptic the Gospels (London, 1829) ; the Coptic Apostolic Constitutions (1848; with English translation); the Book of Job (1846; with translation); the minor and major prophets (1836-52; with Latin translation) ; and the New Testament in Coptic and Arabic (1847); and he was the author of A Compendious Grammar of the Egyptian Language as Contained in the Coptic and Sahidic Dialects, with Observations on the Bashmuric 3 pts. (1830);
and Lexicon JEgyptiaco-Latinum, ex veteribus lingua jEgyptiacm monumentis, et ex operibus La Crozii, Woidii congestum (Oxford, 1835).
TAULER, tau'ler, JOHANN: Dominican mystis (see Friends of God); b. at Strasburg about 1300; d. there June 16, 1361. More would be known of the circumstances of his life, if the Life. " master of the Holy Scriptures " appearing in the " Meisterbuch of the Great Friend from God of the Highlands " (issued by C. Schmidt under the title, Nicolaus von Basel Bericht von der Bekehrung Tauler s, Strasburg, 1875) of Rulman Merswin (see Friends op God) could be identified with Tauler. This was long assumed, but conclusively disproved by H. S. Denifle {Taulers Bekehrung, Strasburg, 1879). Attracted by the ascetic life of the Dominicans, Tauler joined that order at Strasburg at an early age. It is not impossible that during his eight years of study there he heard Meister Eckhart (q.v.) preach, whose stay
Tauler