RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Theodoret Theodorus
ism and closes with the death of Theodore (429), falls far behind those of Socrates and Sozomen. It contains many sources otherwise lost, specially letters on the Arian controversy; but it is defective in historical sense and chronological accuracy, and on account of Theodoret's inclination to embellishment and miraculous narrative, and preference for the personal. Original material of Antiochian information appears chiefly in the latter books. Theodoret's sources are in dispute. According to Valesius these were mainly Socrates and Sozomen; A. Giildenpenning's thorough research placed Rufinus first, and next to him, Eusebius, Athanasius, Sozomen, Sabinus, Philostorgius, Gregory Nazianzen, and, least of all, Socrates. N. Glubokovskij counts Eusebius, Rufinus, Philostorgius, and, perhaps, Sabinus. The " Religious History," with an appendix on divine love, contains the biographies of thirty (ten living) ascetics, held forth as religious models. Upon the request of a high official named Sporacius, Theodoret compiled a " Compendium of Heretical Accounts " (H cereticarum fabularum compendium), including a heresiology (books i.-iv.) and a " compendium of divine dogmas " (v.), which, apart from Origen's De principiis and the theological work of John of Damascus, is the only systematic representation of the theology of the Greek Fathers.
Among dogmatic treatises Theodoret mentions (Epist. cxiii. cxvi.) having written against Arius and Eunomius, probably one work, to which were adjoined the three treatises against the Macedonians. There were, besides, two Works: works against the Apollinarians, and of Dogmatic, the Opus adversus Marcionem nothing has been preserved. The treatises " On the Trinity " and " On the Divine Dispensation " (cf. Peri theologias kai tes theias enanthrdpeseos; Epist., cxiii.), assigned by A. Ehrhard to the work " On the Holy and Life-giving Trinity " and " On the Incarnation of the Lord " of Cyril of Alexandria, certainly belong to the Antiochian School and to Theodoret. To the same belong cap. xiii.-xv., xvii., and brief parts of other chapters of the fragments which J. Gamier (Auctarium) included under the title, " Pentology of Theodoret on the Incarnation " as well as three of the five fragments referred by Marius Mercator to the fifth book of some writing of Theodoret. They are polemics against Arianism and Apollinarianism. Theodoret's " Refutation " of the twelve anathemas of Cyril is preserved in the antipolemic of Cyril (MPG, lxxvi. 392 sqq.). He detects Apollinarianism in Cyril's teaching, and declines a " contracting into one " of two natures of the only begotten, as much as a separation into two sons (Epist. cxliii.). Instead of a "union according to hypostases," he would accept only one that " manifests the essential properties or modes of the natures." The man united to God was born of Mary; between God the Logos and the form of a servant a distinction must be drawn. Only minor fragments (cf. Epist. xvi.) of Theodoret's defense of Diodorus and Theodore (438-444) have been preserved (Glubokovskij ii. 142). His chief christological work is the Eranistes etoi polymorphos (" Beg-
gar or Multiform ") in three dialogues, representing the Monophysites like beggars passing off their doctrines gathered by scraps from diverse heretical sources and himself as the orthodox.
God is immutable also in becoming man, the two natures are separate in Christ, and God the Logos is ever immortal and impassive. Each nature remained " pure " after the union, retaining its properties to the exclusion of all transmutation and intermixture. Of the twenty-seven orations in defense of various propositions, the first six agree in their given content with Theodoret. A few extracts from the five orations on Chrysostom were preserved by Photius (codex 273). Most valuable are the numerous letters (Eng. transl., NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 250-348). (N. Bonwetsch.)
Bibliography: The editions of the works of Theodoret to be noted are: P. Manutius (Latin only), Rome, 1556; J. Birckman, Cologne, 1573 (also Latin); J. Sirmondi, 4 vols., Paris, 1642 (Greek and Latin), vol. v. by J. Gamier, 1684, reissued with corrections and additions by L. Schulze and J. A. Nosselt, 5 vols., Halle, 1769-74, reproduced in MPG, lxxx.-lxxxiv. ; Eugenius Diaconus, 5 vols., Halle, 1768-78 (Greek only). His " Church History " was first edited by Frobenius, Basel, 1535; afterward by R. Stephens, Paris, 1544, Geneva, 1612; by H. Valesius, Paris, 1673-74; by Reading, Cambridge, 1720; and by T. Gaisford, Oxford, 1854; Eng. transls. have been issued in London, 1612, 1843, in Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library, 1854, and (best) in NPNF, 2 ser., vol. iii. His Sermones de providentia also appeared in English as The Mirror of Divine Providence, London, 1602.
Consult: DCB, iv. 904-919 (detailed); Tillemont, Mimoires, xv. 207-340; J. G. Walch, Historie der Ketzereien, vols, v.-vii., Leipsic, 1770 sqq.; Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grmca, vii. 277 sqq., Hamburg, 1802; F. A. Holzhausen, De fontibus quibus Socrates . . ac Theodoretus usi sunt, Gottingen, 1825; J. G. Dowling,
Introduction to the Critical Study of Ecclesiastical Hist., pp. 34 sqq., London, 1838; F. C. Baur, Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtsschreibung, pp. 7-32, Tubingen, 1852; F. A. Specht, Der exegetische Standpunkt des . . Theodor von Kyros, Munich, 1871; J. H. Newman, Historical Sketches, iii. 307-362, London, 1873; A. Bertram, Theodoreti . doctrina christologica, Hildesheim, 1883; C. Roos, De Theodoreto Clementis et Eusebii compilatore, Halle, 1883; A. Ehrhard, in TQS, 1888; A. Guldenpenning, Die Kirchengeschichte des Theodor von Kyrrhos, Halle, 1889; N. Glubokovskij, in Russian, Moscow, 1890; G. Rausehen, Jahrbiicher der christlichen Kirche untef . . Theodosius, pp. 559 sqq., Freiburg, 1897; J. Raedei, in Rheinisches Museum, Mi (1902), 449 sqq.; F. Loofs?, Nestoriana, Halle, 1905; Harnack, Dogma, vols, iii.— iv. passim; Neander, Christian Church, vol. ii. passim; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 881-883 et passim; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, ii., passim, Eng. transl., vol. iii. passim, French transl., vol. ii. passim.
THEODORIC: Antipope, 1102. See Paschal II.
THEODORTJS ASCIDAS. See Origenistic Controversies; and Three Chapter Controversy.
THEODORUS, the-o-do'rus, LECTOR (ANAG- NOSTES): Greek church historian. That he lived in the sixth century is known from the fact that he brought his history down to 527. Of his authorship it is known only that, at the suggestion of a friend in Gangra, he compiled a work of excerpts from the church histories of Sozomen, Socrates, and Theodoret in four books entitled, Ekloge ek ton ekklesiastikon historion, commonly known as Historia tripertita (manuscript, first part mutilated, in library of St. Mark, Venice). The history covers the period from the twentieth year of Constantine to the death of Constantinus
Theodosius of Alexandria Theodulf of Orleans