THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Mary Rhodes of Maryland to establish a school at Hardin's Creek, Marion County, Ky. The schoolhouse was a log cabin. She gathered about her a small band of companions who were organized into a religious community by Father Nerinckx, a Belgian priest, who fled to the United States in 1804 in order to elude the order of arrest issued against him by the French Directory. The institute was approved by the pope in 1816. The community prospered, and at an early period established branches in neighboring and distant states. Its activities extended to missionary labor among the Indians of Kansas and New Mexico. Another community having its origin in Kentucky was the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. Under the supervision of Father David, a Sulpician, an institute was formed in 1813 with Catherine Spalding as its Mother Superior. Its members were composed of the daughters of pioneer settlers. The institute eventually adopted the rules of the Daughters of St. Vincent de Paul. It prospered and spread from Kentucky into other western states. The Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin were organized in Philadelphia in 1834. In the early forties they removed to Dubuque, la., and have had an important part in educational work in the west. Especially noteworthy is a recent institute known as the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, founded at Philadelphia in 1889 by Miss Katherine Drexel and formally approved in 1907. The sisters devote themselves exclusively to the needs of the Indian and colored races, and besides many other forms of activity conduct schools, academies, and orphanages. The income which the foundress derives from her father's estate is employed in maintaining the projects of the institute. The influx into the United States of so many foreigners who do not speak English demands that special provision be made for the instruction of their children, and sometimes new teaching communities are formed to provide for their religious as well as secular training. The Sisters of St. Casimir, for instance, were established at Chicago in 1908 for the education of children of Lithuanian birth or descent.
Bibliography: The literature on the history of the Church and that on the principal figures in the development of church life contains much in scattered form which would repay perusal. See also that under Universities; also Theological Seminaries. A very large and useful literature on the subject of education at large is indicated also in G. K. Fortescue's Subject Index . . . to the Library of the British Museum, London, 1902, 1906. Consult: S. M. Vail, Ministerial Education in the M. E. Church, Boston, 1853; Augusta T. Drane, Christian Schools and Scholars, or Sketches of Education from the Christian Era to the Council of Trent, 2d ed., London, 1881, new ed., New York, 1910: O. Ritschl, Cyprian von Karthago und die Verfassung der Kirche, Gottingen, 188.5; F. A. Specht, Geschichte des Unterrichtswesens in Deutschland . . bis zur Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderta, Stuttgart, 1885; A. Hamack, in TV , ii. 5 (1886); H. J. Icard, Traditions des prHres de Saint Sulpice pour la direction des grands seminaires, Paris, 1886; G. Uhlhorn, Die praktische Vorbereitung der Kandidaten der Theologie, 2d ed., Stuttgart, 1887; C. Braun, Geschichte der Heranbildung des Klerus in der Diocese Wirzhurg, Wurzburg, 1889; D. Curry, Christian Education, New York, 1889; P. Durieu, Traiti de I'administration temporelle des siminaires, Paris, 1890; J. B. Aubry, Essai sur la mithode des itudes ecclSsiastiques en France, 2 vols., Lille, 1891-92; A. de Sylvia, Siminaires et seminaristes, Paris, 1892; F. A. Bourne, Diocesan Seminaries, London, 1893; G. Compayr6, Abelard and the
Origin and Early Hist, of the Universities, London and New York, 1893; G. Schmidt, Die N otwendigkeit und Moglichkeit einer praktischen Vorbildung der evangelischen Geistlichen, Berlin, 1893; G. R. Crooks and J. F. Hurst, Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology, pp. 46 sqq., New York, 1894; H. Zschokke, Die theologischen Studien der Kirche in Osterreich, Vienna, 1894; A. Cave, Introduction to Theology, pp. 1-46, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1896; F. Paulsen, Geschichte des gelchrtcn Unterrichts, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1896-97; E. Snchsse, Die Lehre von der kirchlichen Erziehung, Berlin, 1897; H. Bavinck, Theologische School en vrije Universiteit, Kampen, 1899; E. W. Blatchford, The Theological Seminary from a Layman's Standpoint, Chicago, 1899; W. Moeller, Hist, of the Christian Church, iii. 421^27, London, 1900; M. Siebengartner, Schriften und Einrichtungen zur Bildung der Geistlichen, Freiburg, 1902; A. Griillich, Unsere Seminararbeit, Meissen, 1904; W. Diehl, Die Schulordnungen des Grossherzogtums Hessen, 3 vols., Berlin, 1905; P. Drews, Der evangelische Geistliche, Jena, 1905; H. Hering, Die Lehre von der Predigt, Berlin, 1905; F. X. Eggersdorfer, Der heilige Augustinus als PiXdagoge, Freiburg, 1907; C. L. Drawbridge, Religious Education, how to Improve it, London, 1908; H. Schreiber, Die religiose Erziehung des Menschen, Leipsic, 1908; C. L. Drawbridge, The Training of the Twig: Religious Education of Children, London, 1909; A. C. Flick, Rise of the Mediceval Church and its Influence on the Civilization of Western Europe, pp. 317, 356, New York, 1909; L. H. Jordan, The Study of Religion in the Italian Universities, London, 1909; Robert, Les Ecoles et I'enseignement de la theologie pendant la premiere moitie du xii. siecle, Paris, 1909; T. F. Gailor, The Christian Church and Education, New York, 1910; F. P. Graves, A History of Education during the Middle Ages and the Transition to Modern Times, New York, 1910; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, chaps, viii.-ix.