THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
rome, Epist. xcii., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., vi. 185-1S6), after a further weighing of the obnoxious tenets of Origen. Late in the year some of the exiled monks made their way to Chrysostom at Constantinople, entreating him to use his good offices in their behalf that they might be permitted to return to Egypt. Chrysostom accordingly wrote to Theophilus, but the result of the correspondence, still further complicated by the injudicious activity of the monks, was that the patriarch of Alexandria became bitterly hostile to his fellow patriarch of Constantinople. Theophilus accordingly urged Epiphanius to secure a synodal condemnation of Origenism, and the reading of any of the writings of Origen was accordingly forbidden in Cyprus. Meanwhile, however, the exiled monks at Constantinople had not been idle, but had induced the emperor, Arcadius, to summon Theophilus for trial before the patriarch of Constantinople, while the charges lodged against the monks were pronounced baseless. After a deliberate delay in obeying the summons, Theophilus finally landed at Constantinople late in June, 403, and, after flouting Chrysostom openly, practically secured his deposition and banishment at the synod ad Quercum, then accepted a perfunctory apology from the " Long Brothers," the most important of whom were dead. But the people would have none of Theophilus, and soon Chrysostom was recalled, while Theophilus sailed in haste for Egypt. Within two months the patriarch of Constantinople was again in imperial disfavor, and his old enemy was urged to make a fresh attack upon him. He declined, however, to come in person, but his creatures worked his will, and Chrysostom was again sent into banishment, from which he was never to return (for further details see Chrysostom, §§ 4-5).
In his paschal letter of 404 Theophilus, while not mentioning Chrysostom's name, returned to his attack upon Origenism. He now informed Pope Innocent that he had deposed Chrysostom, but the pontiff ignored the sentence and directed that a new synod be convened to try the entire case with fairness. All was in vain — the commands of the pope and the appeal of Honorius, emperor of the West, to his brother Arcadius, who stubbornly upheld Theophilus.
Of the remainder of Theophilus' life little is known, and of his writings comparatively scanty portions have survived, the most convenient edition being in MPG, lxv. 33-68. Here belong the paschal letters of 401, 402, and 404, preserved only in Latin translation by Jerome and sharply attacking Origenism, as well as ten " canons " dealing with ordination and the sexual relations of the clergy; but his most important work, the treatise " Against Origen," like his "Against the Anthropomorphites " (both recorded by Gennadius, De vir. ill., xxxiv., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 392), has disappeared.
Bibliography : DCB, iv. 999-1008 (detailed, indispensable); A Gallandi, Bibliotheca veterum patrum, vii. 601- 602, 14 vols., Venice, 1765-81; Fabricius-Harles, Bibliothecn Grceca, vii. 108 sqq., Hamburg, 1801; B. Czapla, Gennadius als Litterarhistoriker, p. 73, Mflnster, 1898; Ceillier, A uteurx sacres, vii. 438—447 (also consult Index) ; MPG, lxv. 33-68; KL, xi. 1579-81.
THEOPHILUS, the-ef'i-lus, OF ANTIOCH: Bishop of Antioch in the second century. His birthplace was not far from the Euphrates and Tigris and he did not become a Christian till he had reached mature years, while his mother tongue and education were Greek. He was sixth bishop of Antioch, successor of Eros and predecessor of Maximinus or Maximus (Eusebius, Hist, eccl., IV., xx., xxiv. 3). The only determined chronological datum is that he wrote his third book to Autolycus not before 181 (cf. A. Harnack, Die Zeit des Ignatius und die Chronologie der antiochenischen Bischofe, pp. 42-43, Leipsic, 1878; idem, Litteratur, ii. 208 sqq.).
Theophilus developed a many-sided literary activity and for a time his works (sometimes ascribed to Theophilus of Alexandria) were much read and used. After the fourth century they were forgotten. They included (Eusebius, Hist, eccl., IV., xxiv.) three books to Autolycus, polemical writings against Hermogenes and Marcion, and certain books of instruction and edification; further (Jerome, De vir. ill., xxv.), commentaries on the Gospels (see (Ecumenius) and Proverbs, and a work in several books of which Theophilus himself cites the first as Peri historion. Only the three books to Autolycus are preserved and these in but a single manuscript. The first book is apologetic, defending the Christian faith against the derision of Autolycus, an old heathen friend of Theophilus. The second is polemic, declaring the popular religion of the heathen as well as the specuations of philosophers and poets absurd or, in so far as true at all, taken from the prophets. The third book compares the Christian Scriptures with heathen literature to the disparagement of the latter. The genuineness of this work is commonly acknowledged. On the other hand, the commentary on the Gospels is regarded by later scholars with the exception of Zahn (Farschungen, vol. ii., Erlangen, 1883) as not the work of the Antiochian bishop of the second century. Harnack assigns the work to the early Middle Ages (c. 500) and thinks it consists of excerpts from the older Latin Fathers (cf. Bornemann in ZKG, x., 1889, pp. 169 sqq., and Hauck in ZKW, v. 561 sqq.). The commentary does not belong to Theophilus of Antioch and is a compilation from older writings made before 700. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The text was edited by J. Frisius-Gesner, Zurich, 1546; by J. Fell, Oxford, 1684; and by C. Otto, in Corpus Apologetarum, vol. viii., Jena, 1861; and there is an Eng. transl. with introductory note in A!\'F, ii. Sj sqq. Consult: P Pasquet, Essai sur les trois livres a Autolycus de Theophile d'Antioche, Strasburg, 1857; L. Paul, in JPT, 1875, pp. 546-559; A. Harnack, Die Zeit des Ignatius von Antiochen, pp. 42—44, Leipsic. 1S.S; idem, TV, i. 1-2 (1882), 282-298, and 4, pp. 97-175; idem, in ZKG, xi (1889), 1-21; idem, Litteratur, i. 496- 502, 845, ii. 2, pp. 208-213, 319-320, 534-535; C. Erbes, in JPT, v (1879), 464-485, 618-653, xiv (1SSS), 611-632; W. Sanday, in Studio, Biblica, i (1885), 89-101; W. Bornemann, in ZKG, x (1888), 169-292; G. Karabangeles. Dvs Gotteslehre des Theophilus von Antiochen, Leipsic, 1891; A. B. Cook, in The Classical Review, 1894, pp. 246-24S; O. Gross, Die Weltentstehungslehre des Theophilus von Antiochen, Jena, 1895; idem, Die Gotteslehre des Theophilus von Antiochen, Chemnitz, 1896; A. Pommrieh, Die Gottes- und Logoslehre des Theophilus ron A ntiochia, Leipsic, 1904; Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 58-60, Eng.