RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Thorold
Thuringia
bishop's influence; though he attained this end by completely casting into the shade, or virtually repudiating, the fifth general council, of which the West had taken but little notice. The patriarchate of Aquileia, which as a result of the Lombard conquest had been transferred to Grado, resumed communion with Rome, under Greek rule, soon after the death of Gregory in 604; but the Roman Catholic bishops under the Lombard kings and the duke of Friali set up an opposition patriarchate, which remained separated from Rome till toward the end of the seventh century. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: The sources are easily accessible in MPL, lxvii. 521-878, 921-928, 1167-1254, lxviii. 956-960, 1049- 1096; MPG, lxxxiv. 455-548. Consult: H. Noris, Opera, ed. Ballerini, i. 550-820, cf. iv. 985-1050, Verona, 1729 (highly necessary) ; J. G. Walch, Historie der Ketzereien, viii. 4-468, Leipsic, 1778; J. M. Schroeckh, Christliche Kirchengeschichte, xviii. 570-608, Leipsic, 1793; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 768-772; J. Schwane, Dogmengeschichte der patristischen Zeit, pp. 374-378, Freiburg, 1895; A. Knecht, Die Religionspolitik Kaiser Justinians I., pp. 125-140, Wurzburg, 1896; H. Hutton, The Church of the 6th Century, pp. 162-179, London, 1897; F. Diekamp, Die origenistischen Streitigkeiten im 6. Jahrhundert, Minister, 1899; A. de Meissas, in Annates de philosophie chretienne, July, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 1 sqq., Eng. transl, iv. 258 sqq., Fr. transl., iii. 1, pp. 1 sqq. (valuable for the discussion of literature and notes) ; Harnack, Dogma, iv. 245 sqq., 346-349, v. 283; Mann, Popes, vol. i. passim.
THREE CHILDREN, SONG OF THE. See Apoc-
BYPHA, A, IV., 3.
THUEMMEL, tum'mel, WILHELM: Evangelical theologian; b. at Barmen (27 m. n.n.e. of Cologne) May 6, 1856. He received his education at the universities of Bonn and Leipsic; became assistant preacher at Geldern, and later at Xohne then nearSoest; returned as pastor at Geldern in 1881, went in the same capacity to Remscheid, where, because of a harsh criticism of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, he was subjected to a three-weeks' term of imprisonment, on the termination of which he wrote the sharply worded tract in self-justification: Rheinische Richter und romische Priester. Eine trostreiche Belehrung uber die romische Messe (Barmen, 1888) ; he later brought himself under police jurisdiction through a lecture on the pilgrimage to Aachen, and once again because of his Antwort an der papstlichen Priester schaft in Breslau (1894) ; he became privat-docent in church history at Berlin, 1900; extraordinary professor in 1901; and professor of practical theology at Jena in 1903, where he is also director of the homiletical and catechetical seminary. Besides the works already mentioned, he has issued: Offener Brief an dem Herrn Erzbischof Krementz von Coin (1889); Die Asche Clarenbach's, des Martyr ers der bergischen Kirche (Berlin, 1890); Zur Beurtheilung des Donatismus (Halle, 1893); Der Versagung der kirchlichen Bestattungsfeier, ihre geschichtliche Entwickelung und gegenwdrtige Bedeutung (Leipsic, 1902); and Der Religionsschutz durch das Strafrecht (1906) ; besides a considerable number of polemic tracts directed against the Roman Catholic Church or its doctrines.
THUMB BIBLE. See Bible Versions, B, IV., § 9.
THUNDERING LEGION: Name of a Roman legion about which a celebrated legend arose. The story is that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, when
conducting a campaign against the Quadi in Hungary about 174 a.d., was surprised with his forces by a superior number of the enemy. At the same time his army was suffering so greatly from the lack of water that annihilation seemed imminent. The emperor prayed to the gods for rain, but no response was forthcoming. A legion, consisting wholly of Christians, was summoned to the emperor's aid, the soldiers of which prostrated themselves in prayer, and the response was a cold rain upon the Romans, which took the form of severe hail as it reached the Quadi, whom it discomfited. In consequence of this, the legion received the name " Legio fulminatrix."
The story has received the attention of many writers of church history, and its difficulties have been summarized as follows: A legion with this name was known before the time of Marcus Aurelius (Dio Cassius, lv. 23), though the exact form of the name was Legio fulminata; the proper station of this legion was in the East, not in Hungary. It is seen, however, that these data are not decisive against the story, since the legion might have been present owing to the emergency, such transfers not being unknown, and the slight change in the form of the name is not decisive. The principal incident is shown not to be improbable by the sculptures on the Antonine column at Rome, erected not long after, showing Jupiter Fluvius, from whose beard streams of water are caught in the soldiers' shields, while the enemy are overwhelmed by lightning. The least probable element in the story is that a whole legion was composed of Christians. In favor of a substantial basis of the legend is that it is first mentioned by Claudius Apollinaris (q.v.), who addressed his apology to Marcus Aurelius, while a contemporary of the assumed event who mentions it was Tertullian (Apol., v.; Ad Scapulam, iv.). It is only miraculous through the interpretation, the event is not at all improbable.
Bibliography: Besides the reference to Tertullian in the text (Eng. transl. in ANF, iii. 22, 107), and Dio Cassius, lxxi. 8-9, consult: Eusebius, Hist, eccl., V., v., in NPNF, 2 ser., i. 219—220; W. Moyle, De miraculo quod Legio Fulminatrix fecisse dicitur, in Mosheim, Dissertatio, Gorlitz, 1733; W. Whiston, Of the Thundering Legion, London, 1726; T. Woolston, A Defence of the Miracle of the Thundering Legion against . W. Moyle, ib. 1726; T. Hearne, An Apology for the Writings of W. Moyle, ib. 1727 (against Whiston and Woolston); B. Aube, Hist, des persecutions de Veglise, i., chap, viii., Paris, 1875; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, II., i. 469^76, London, 1885; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 56; Neander, Christian Church, i. 115- 117; DNB, iv. 1023-24.
THURIBLE. See Censer.
THURIFICATI. See Lapsed.
THURINGIA: A collective name applied to a group of small duchies and principalities situated between Prussian Saxony on the north and Bavaria on the south, and between the General kingdom of Saxony on the east and Statistics. Hesse-Nassau on the west. The duchies are Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; the principalities are Reuss-Schleiz, Reuss-Greiz, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. The combined area is 4,744 square miles, and the population (1905) 1,503,125. Of these 1,455,949
Thuringia Tichonius