THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Paris), 1499; d. at Montbeliard (36 m. w. of Basel) Oct. 5, 1573. Educated at Metz, Basel, Cologne, Paris, and Rome, he became a canon of Metz in 1515, where he first heard of Protestant doctrines, and, being suspected of adherence to them, he was forced to flee to Basel. After a sojourn at Paris, he attempted to introduce the new doctrines into Metz, only to be imprisoned at Pont a Mousson. On Mar. 11, 1526, deprived of his benefice, he was expelled from Metz. He now returned to Paris, where he became an almoner of Margaret of Navarre, but in 1531 was again obliged to flee from France. After visiting Zwingli in Zurich, Gillaume Farel in Grandson, and Simon Sulzer in Basel, he went to Wittenberg. While in Tubingen on his return, he gladly accepted the invitation of Duke Ulrich of Wiirttemberg to continue the Reformation begun by Johann Gay ling and Farel in Montbeliard. Within four 3'ears (1535-39) Protestantism was definitely established, the mass was abolished, and the most of the canons retired to Besancon. Toussain became the head of the new ecclesiastical organization, which, being French and Swiss in character, became involved in serious controversies with the German chaplains of Count Christopher of Wiirttemberg, who took up his residence at Montbeliard in 1542. As a result he retired to Basel, 1545-46, but returned to Montbeliard when the difficulty was finally adjusted. He was one of the few clergy undisturbed during the interim (1548-52), and on the second suppression of the Roman Catholics in Montbeliard in 1552 he resumed his position as superintendent at the head of the Protestant clergy. In 1559, under the guardians of the new count, Frederick, the Wiirttemberg agenda were introduced, but the stubborn resistance of Toussain and his clergy forced the count's guardians to make concessions, especially to permit the use of Toussain's liturgy for the time being. In 1568, however, all pastors who refused to adopt the Wiirttemberg agenda were deposed. When, in 1571, Jakob Andrea (q.v.) was sent by the Wiirttemberg government to Montbeliard, the clergy were strictly examined, Daniel Toussain (q.v.), the reformer's son, was banished, and his father was pensioned and replaced by a Lutheran. All the clergy who professed either Zwinglianism or Calvinism were gradually removed, and the Tubingen dogmas were enforced. Strict in life, Evangelical in spirit, Toussain was a model pastor and wise organizer. His sole literary production was L'Ordre qu'on tient en Veglise de Montbeliard en instruisant les enfans, et administrant les saints sacramens avec la forme du mariage et des prieres (1559), of which only a single copy seems to exist. (John Vi±not.)
Bibliography: J. Vienot, Hist, de la reforme dans de Montbeliard, 2 vols., Montbeliard, 1903.
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TOWNSEND, LUTHER TRACY: Methodist Episcopal; b. at Orono, Me., Sept. 27, 1838. He spent his early life in New Hampshire; studied at New Hampshire Conference Seminary; was graduated from Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., 1859; from Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1862; served as private and adjutant of the Sixteenth New Hampshire regiment, 1862-63; entered
the Methodist Episcopal ministry, 1864; was professor of Hebrew, Chaldee, and New-Testament Greek at Boston University, 1868-70; of historical theology there, 1872; of practical theology and sacred rhetoric, 1872-93; and since then emeritus professor. Of his works may be mentioned Credo (Boston, 1869); The Sword and Garment (1871); God-Man (1872); Lost Forever (1874); Arena and Throne (1874) ; The Supernatural Factor in Religious Revivals (1877); The Intermediate World (1878); Bible Theology and Modern Thought (1883); Evolution or Creation (Chicago and New York, 1896); Story of Jonah in the Light of Higher Criticism (1897) ; Anastasis (1902); God's Goodness and Severity, or Endless Punishment (1903); Adam and Ere — History or Myth (1904); Collapse of Evolution (1905); God and the Nation (1905); The Deluge — History or Myth (1907); and Bible Inspiration (1909).
TOWNSEND, WILLIAM JOHN: English Methodist; b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne Jan. 20, 1835. He was educated at Percy Street Academy in his native city, and was then engaged in business for several years, after which he studied for the ministry of the Methodist New Connection for a year (1859-60) under James Stacey, of Sheffield. He was minister of various churches of his denomination in Birmingham, Manchester, Leicester, Chester, Halifax, Stockport, and Newcastle until 1886, when he became president of the Methodist New Connection Conference, as well as general missionary secretary of the same body, a position which he held until 1891. In addition to the pastoral work which he then resumed in Birmingham and London, he was editor of the Methodist New Connexion in 1894-97 and was reappointed in 1902. In theology he " holds generally by Evangelical Christianity as expounded by leading modern Methodist theologians," and " has views on inspiration and the last things which differ from a hard and mechanical view of inspiration, or an arbitrary view of future retribution." He has written The Great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages (London, 1880) ; Robert Morrison, the Pioneer of Chinese Missions (1888); Alexander Kilham, the First Methodist Reformer (1890); Reminiscences and Memorials of Rev. James Stacey, D.D. (1891); Madagascar, its Missionaries and Martyrs (1892); Strength perfected in Weakness (1893); Handbook of Christian Doctrine (1897); Handbook to the Methodist New Connexion (1899); Life of Oliver Cromwell (1899); The Great Symbols (1901); History of Popular Education in England and Wales (1903); As a King ready to the Battle (1904); The Story of Methodist Union (1906); and A New History of Methodism (1909; in collaboration with others).
TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL: Theist; b. at Norfolk, Va., Mar. 23, 1836. He was educated at the University of Virginia (A.M., 1856) after which he taught three years (1856-59), and studied for a year (1859-60) at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Greenville, S. C. He was professor of Greek in Richmond College, Richmond, Va., in 1861, but left to enter the Confederate Army, in which he served until 1863. In 1864-65 he was professor in the University of Alabama, and after