WINEBRENNER, JOHN, WINEBRENNERIANS.
See CourcH (CHuRcHES) or Gop, I.
WINER, vi/‘ner, JOHANN GEORG BENEDIKT: Orientalist and New-Testament grammarian; b. at Leipsic Apr. 138, 1789; d. there May 12, 1858. He was educated at the gymnasium and the university of his native city, zealously studying not only theology but classical philology and oriental languages. In 1817 he became privat-docent at the University of Leipsic, and in 1819 extraordinary professor of theology; in 1823 professor at Erlangen; but returned in 1832 to Leipsic, where he remained until his death, being also a canon of Meissen after 1845. His literary activity was directed mainly to the interpretation of single books or passages of the Bible, to Biblical linguistics, and to historical studies. He published a commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians (1821; 4th ed., 1859), with dissertations on questions of Biblical history and antiquities. His Biblisches Realwérterbuch (1820; 2d ed., revised and enlarged, 2 vols., 1833-38; 3d ed., considerably enlarged, 1847) is a comprehensive handbook of Biblical subjects arranged alphabetically, a work of extraordinary industry and a thesaurus of historical, geographical, archeological, and scientific knowledge. Of still greater importance were Winer’s various labors in the linguistic sphere. He published a Grammatik des biblischen und targumischen Chalddismus (1824; 2d ed., 1842; Eng. transl., A Grammar of the Chaldee Language, Andover, 1845), and to supplement it a Chalddisches Lesebuch (1825). His masterwork in Biblical science is his Grammatik des neutestamentlichen MSprachidioms als sichere Grundlage der neutestamentlichen Exegese bearbeitet (1822; frequent Eng. transls., Grammar of the Idioms of the New Testament, Andover, 1825, Edinburgh, 1859, 1877), [which remained the standard work for nearly three-quarters of a century, but has been superseded largely through the discoveries of the last two decades (see HeLLenistic GREEK)]. It was a path-breaking achievement, and in producing it Winer rendered immortal services by doing away with vague presuppositions respecting the Hebraizing character of the language of the New Testament and by thus leaving less reason for arbitrariness in interpretation. He showed the laws of linguistics applying in the New-Testament language, employing the same principles that Gottfried Hermann had developed for classical Greek. While apparently merely a scientific work, there was at its basis a
Winfrid Wisdom
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
en nn aU UtdtydtdddttdISItddSsSSSsSSsS asset
truly moral and religious motive—a conscientious earnestness in seeking the truth, and a pious reverence for Holy Scripture. Winer published also Bertrag zur Verbesserung der neutestamentlichen Lexikographie (1823), and gathered materials for a dictionary of the New Testament, but died before its elaboration. Worthy of mention, though in another department, is his Comparative Darstellung des Lehrbegriffs der verschiedenen Kirchenparteien (1824; Eng. transl., Comparative View of the Doctrines and Confessions of Christendom, Edinburgh, 1873; new ed., 1887); while notice should not be omitted of his Handbuch der theologischen Literatur (1821; 2 vols., 1838-40, and supplement, 1842), giving not merely titles of books but brief notices of the authors. (G. LecHLeRt.)
WINFRID (WYNFRITH). See Bonirace, SaInv.
WINKELER, vin’ke-ler: A designation of the Waldensians (q.v.) and then of the Waldensian itinerant preachers, employed especially in Strasburg and perhaps also in neighboring regions. It is transmitted through a document discovered about 1840 in old church archives in Strasburg. The document contains the records of a Waldensian trial held about 1400 and bears the superscription Secta hereticorum, beside which has been written by a later hand “ Die Winkeler.” At first it was thought that they formed a separate sect whose views agreed with those of the Waldenses; but since the discovery of further sources it has been proved that they are identical with the Waldenses. The term may have been a nickname. Thirty-two adherents of the Waldensian preachers in Strasburg were captured and banished about 1400 on charges of heresy. But there remained in Strasburg a Waldensian congregation to which at a later time belonged Friedrich Reiser (b. 1401 in Deutach near Donauwérth, and because of that named Tunawer or Danuvius), one of the bestknown Waldensian preachers of those days, whose aim was to unite Hussites and Waldensians. In 1458 Reiser together with many male and female adherents was burned (among whom was Anna or Barbara Weiler) under the Strasburg inquisitor Johannes Wegrauf. (FERDINAND CoHRs.)
Brsiiocrapuy: T. W. Rohrich, in ZHT, x (1840), 118 sqq.; idem, Mittheilungen aus der Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche des Alsass, i. 38 sqq., Strasburg, 1855; K. Schmidt, in ZHT, 3, x (1840), 31 sqq.; G. F. Ochsenbein, Aus dem schweizerischen Volksleben des 16. Jahrhunderts, Bern, 1881; H. Haupt, Die religitisen Sekten in Franken vor der Reformation, Wiirzburg, 1882; idem, Waldensertum und Inquisition im suddéstlichen Deutschland, Freiburg, 1890; idem, in Historisches Taschenbuch for 1888; L. Keller, Die Reformation und die altere Reformparteien, Leipsic, 1885; idem, Johann von Staupitz und die Anfinge der Reformation, ib. 1888; K. Miller, Die Waldenser und thre einzelnen Gruppen, Gotha, 1886; W. Bohm, Friedrich Reisers Reformation des Kaisers Sigmund, ib. 1876; and the literature under WALDENSES.
WINSLOW, MIRON (MYRON): Congregational missionary; b. at Williston, Vt., Dec. 11, 1789; d. at the Cape of Good Hope Oct. 22, 1864. He was graduated from Middlebury College, 1815, and from Andover Theological Seminary, 1818. In June, 1819, he sailed as missionary to Ceylon, where he established a mission, laboring for seventeen years at Jafina and Oodoville, where he founded a seminary; he established the mission at Madras, 1836, and
spent the rest of his life there, establishing a native college and a number of vernacular schools. He became president of the Madras College about 1840. He was the author of Sketch of the Missions (Andover, 1819); Memoir of Harriet Wadsworth Winslow, of the Ceylon Mission (New York, 1835; republished in London, France, and Turkey); Hints on Missions to India (1856); and A Comprehensive Tamil and English Dictionary, of High and Low Tamil (Madras, ,1862). The Dictionary, his great work, on which he Spent three hours a day for over twenty years, was based partly upon manuscript materials left by Joseph Knight, and consisted of 68,000 words and definitions. He was assisted in this by native scholars. Winslow also translated the Bible into Tamil (Madras, 1855).
WINSLOW, WILLIAM COPLEY: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Boston, Mass., Jan. 13, 1840. He was graduated from Hamilton College (A.B., 1862) and the General Theological Seminary, New York City (1865). He was ordained to the priesthood in 1867; was rector of St. George’s, Lee, Mass. (1867-70); chaplain of St. Luke’s Home, Boston (1878-82), having temporary charge of various parishes, particularly at Weymouth, Mass., and Taunton, Mass., in the interim. In 1883 he established the Free Church Association in Boston, and likewise founded the American branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund (q.v.), of which he was the chief official until 1902, securing large funds for its use and being the pioneer in America in creating a popular interest in explorations in Egypt. He also took an active part in the establishment of the Greco-Roman branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund, and was one of the chief distributors of the antiquities thus discovered among the various American institutions which had contributed to the society’s support. Theologically he describes himself as ‘‘ of evangelical belief; thoroughly progressive in all forms of educational and religious work; a believer in all that is essential to faith in the Old Testament.’’ In 1860-62 he was editor of The University Quarterly; in 1862-63, assistant editor of The New York World, and in 1864-65 of The Christian Times. He is the associate editor of The American Antiquarian and of The American Historical Register. He has of late done much to ie funds for the Egyptian Research Account Greve):
WINTHROP, JOHN: Puritan governor of Massachusetts; b. at Edwardston (15 m. s.e. of Bury St. Edmunds), Suffolk, Jan. 22, 1588; d. in Boston, Mass., Mar. 26, 1649. In the latter part of 1602 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but his university career came to an abrupt close in Apr., 1605, when he married. Although reared as a member of the Church of England, Winthrop early manifested marked sympathies with Puritanism, while the death of his first wife in 1615, followed by the death of his second in the year following, heightened a tendency, already present, to gloomy introspection. During this time he evidently thought of taking orders, but a third marriage, in Apr., 1618, changed in great measure the morbid trend of his thoughts, and, following his father’s advice, he de-