THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and nervous energy. Of his journeys he left recitals in the Journal of his Missionary Labours, 1827-38 (London, 1839); Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara in the Years 1843-46 (2 vols., 1845, and often); and Travels and Adventures of Rev. Joseph Wolff (2 vols., 1861).
oe Mme. L. Roehrich, S. Gobat, Bishop of Je-
rusalem, his Life and Work, pp. 177-180, London, 1884;
George Smith, Life of John Wilson, pp. 251-252, ib. 1878;
DNB, lxii. 306-307; and his own Travels and Adventures,
and Journal, ut sup.
WOLFGANG OF REGENSBURG: Bishop of that city 972-994. He was born in the beginning of the century of a family in good circumstances; d. at Pupping (near Linz, 98 m. w. of Vienna) Oct. 31, 994. He was educated in the monastery of Reichenau in company with a scion of a noble Frankish family named Heinrich, brother of Poppo, bishop of Wurzburg 941-962, with*whom later at Wiirzburg he studied under an Italian scholar Stephen. In 956 he was appointed master of the cathedral school at Treves, where Heinrich had become archbishop; but on the death of Heinrich in 964 he entered the Benedictine order at Einsiedeln, where under Abbot Gregory he gave instruction. Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg made him a priest and sent him on a missionary journey to Hungary, and his activities, though not very successful, resulted in his choice for the bishopric of Regensburg. He took the field at the head of his feudal forces with Otto II. against Paris (978), and had part in other warlike and political activities. But his closest interest was in his episcopal duties, occupying himself in visitations, and furnishing to the clergy of his diocese an excellent example in the performance of duty. He looked after the instruction of the younger clergy, and gave them the model for simple and effective preaching. Connected with his duty as bishop was that as abbot of St. Emmeram, but he thought the two positions incompatible, and broke away from the latter position, placing Ramuold of Treves in the abbacy. He also did his best to improve the two nunneries in Regensburg, which were then in a low condition; the results were not satisfactory to him, and he founded a third with the name of St. Paul’s. With the help of Heinrich the Quarrelsome he afterward improved the condition of the older institutions. It was largely due to him that the bishopric of Prague was established, which was a leading cause of the rise of national feeling in Bohemia. After his death his body was carried to Regensburg for burial, and it was not long before there were reports of miracles at his tomb. He left a reputation as a true and diligent shepherd of his flock, furthering the cause of piety among them by elevating the condition of the clergy. (A. Hauck.) Brsuiocrapuy: The early material is collected by H. Dele-
haye, Acta S. Wolfgangi, episcopi Ratisbonensis, Brus-
sels, 1894. For parts of this matter cf. ASB, Nov., ii.
527-586; ASM, v. 812-833; MPL, cxlvi. 395-422; and
MGH, Script., iv (1841), 525-566. Consult further: 8.
Rebiser, Leben und Wunderthaten des heiligen Bischofs
Wolfgangi in seiner Einsiedeley, Passau, 1655; F. X. Sulz-
beck, Leben des heiligen Wolfgang, Bischofs und Haupt-
patrons des Bisthums Regensburg, Regensburg, 1844; BF.
Janner, Geschichte der Bischdfe von Regensburg, i. 350-
419, ib. 1883; J. Schindler, Der heilige Wolfgang in seinem
Leben und Wirken, Prague, 1885; W. Schratz, in Studien
und Mittheilungen aus dem Benedictiner- und dem Cis-
tercienser-Orden, x (1889), 627-643; K. Kolbe, Die Ver-
dienste des Bischofs Wolfgang . . . um das Bildungswesen Siiddeutschlands, Breslau, 1893; Kornmiiller, in Kirchenmusikalische Jahrbiicher, 1894, pp. 6-22; J. B. Mehler, Der heilige Wolfgang, Bischof von Regensburg. Historische Festschrift zum 900-jihrigen Gedachtnisse seines Todes (31. Oct., 1894).. In Verbindung mit zahlreichen Historikern, Regensburg, 1894. Some excellent magazine articles are indicated in,Richardson, Encyclopaedia, p. 1151.
WOLFGANG, COUNT PALATINE: Palsgrave and duke of Zweibriicken and Neuburg, and ardent supporter of the Reformation; b. at Zweibriicken (50 m. w. of Speyer) Sept. 26, 1526; d. at Nessun (near Limoges), France, June 11, 1569. He was the only son of Louis II. of Zweibriicken (d. 1532), and after receiving his first training, at the instance of his Reformed uncle, Rupert, who was regent during Wolfgang’s minority, under Kaspar Glaser, he was sent, in 1541, for further instruction first to the electoral court at Treves, and later to that of the Palatinate. In the latter part of 1543 he assumed personal control of his duchy, and during the Schmalkald War, though he was a firm Protestant,
he remained neutral. On the close of
Until the hostilities the emperor, despite Wolf-
Abrogation gang’s protests, commanded him to of the introduce the Augsburg Interim (see
Augsburg Inrerim, 2), which the duke accord-
Interim. ingly did Aug. 22, 1548, declaring that ms he would obey so far as he conscientiously could. But the clergy declared that the Interim contained much that they could not do with a good conscience, and Wolfgang reported to the emperor that, while he had fulfilled the requirements as to fasts and feasts, the attitude of his clergy rendered him unable to carry out the other injunctions of the Interim. The emperor then referred him to the bishops, but as they were unwilling to send him any but Roman Catholic clergy, while he would receive only those who, according to the terms of the Interim, would administer communion under both kinds, the Interim was only partially enforced. A renewal of the imperial demands led Wolfgang, on April 19, 1549, again to insist that the fasts and feasts be observed as secular ordinances, but at the same time he informed the emperor that his clergy, without exception, refused to carry out the Interim, and that the bishops had sent him no clergy who were ready to do so. He therefore begged the emperor himself to adjust the matter. In Sept., 1549, and in March, 1550, the bishops performed their visitations in the district of Zweibriicken, but since Wolfgang refused to allow the clergy any concessions beyond the Interim, ecclesiastical affairs seem, even then, to have gone on as before.
As soon as the Treaty of Passau (cf. AUasBuRG, ReELIcIous PEAcE oF) rendered it possible, Wolfgang directed the visitation held in the Meisenheim district in July, 1553, the results showing that the pastors were discharging their functions in Protestant fashion. In the Upper Palatinate, of which he was regent from 1551 to 1557, he directed that the liturgy issued by the Palsgrave Otto Henry be followed, and in Zweibriicken he replaced the liturgy of 1533 on June 1, 1557, by one which was akin to the Lutheran liturgies of Wiirttemberg and Mecklenburg. To insure the acceptance of the new liturgy a visitation was made in July and Aug., 1558, and it