THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
a
vows and a mother house at Paris, and a secular congregation devoted to the instruction of girls, particularly in the rural districts. In the beginning of the nineteenth century the congregation was again divided into seven independent bodies, including the Ladies of the Cross (Religieuses de la croix) with a mother house at St. Quentin; the Sisters of the Cross (Sceurs de la croix) with a mother house at Lavaux; and the Daughters of the Cross (Filles de la croix) with a mother house at St. Brieuc. The Sisters of the Mercy of Jesus (Sceurs hospitaliéres de la misericorde de Jésus) were founded at Dieppe in 1630 for the care of the sick and aged. The Penitents of Our Lady of Refuge were established at Nancy in 1631 by Marie Elisabeth de la Croix for the reformation of fallen women, were confirmed three years later by Urban VIIL., and are under Augustinian rule with certain Jesuit modifications. The Nuns of Our Lady of Mercy were founded at Aix in 1633 by the Oratorian Antoine Yvan to imitate the life of the Virgin by pious seclusion and to give a Christian education to poor girls. The Hospital-Nuns of St. Joseph of Bordeaux were established in 1688 by Marie Delpech de |’Estang for the education of orphan girls, later taking the names of Congregation of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, or Congregation of the Created Trinity, and also being called Sisters of Joseph. The Sisters of Refuge (or Nuns of St. Michael) were an order of penitents established at Caen in 1644 (1641) by Jean Eudes, but later removed to Paris, where the great monastery or magdaleneum became their chief center, in addition to which they had twentythree other houses. The Nuns of Our Lady of Grace (or Sisters of St. Thomas of Villanova) were established at Lamballe in Brittany in 1660 by the Augustinian Angelus le Proust, and originally cared for the sick, although they now also give instruction to the young in their institutions, which number more than a hundred. The Sisters of the Christ- Child were founded at Reims by Abbé Roland in 1674 for the instruction of girls, forming the model for similar congregations at Soissons, Neuchatel, and Claveizolles, as well as in England, where they are called the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus, and in Japan. The Nuns of St. Maurus and Providence were founded at Paris in 1681 by the Minimite Nicholas Barre, who united them with the Sisters of the Christian and Loving Child Jesus, whom he had established three years previously. They enjoyed the special favor of Louis XIV., who gave them a school at St. Cyr, and they possessed in 1898 forty houses in France and the French colonies. The Nuns of St. Joseph of the Good Shepherd were established at Clermont in 1666 by Canon Laborieux for the care of fallen women, which was the aim also of the Daughters of the Good Shepherd, established at Paris about 1690 by Marie de Combe. These were the predecessors of the Nuns of the Good Shepherd, who were an offshoot of the Sisters of Refuge already mentioned. The congregation possesses about 115 houses, including thirteen in Germany and fifty-one in America.
The Daughters of Wisdom were established at St. Laurent in 1719 by Marie Louise Trichet, and con-
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trol nearly 200 houses, most of which are in France, and devote themselves to various forms of philanthropy, including the instruction of
Founda- deaf-mutes. The Daughters of the Good tions of the Savior were founded at Caen by Anne
Eighteenth Leroy in: 1720, and aim to relieve
Century. all forms of suffering, including
deaf-mutes and the insane. The Presentation Nuns,were founded at Cork in 1756 by Nano Nagle for the gratuitous instruction of poor children, and have twenty-nine branches in Ireland and India. In 1797 they formed the model of the Sceurs de Presentation (White Ladies, Dames Blanches), established by Marie Rivier, and transplanted to Canada in 1853. The Sisters of Providence were established at Metz in 1762, and are still active in educational work and the care of the sick. Similar congregations were later formed at Strasburg, Rappoltsweiler, and other cities, as well as at Evreux in Normandy in 1775. The Ladies of the Holy Sacrament (or of St. Justus) were founded at Macon in 1773 for the education of girls and the care of the sick, and later served as a model for another congregation of the same name established at Romances in 1823.
The Ladies of the Most Holy Heart of Jesus (Dames de sacré coeur) were founded in 1800 by Madelaine Sophie Barat (see SacreD Hart or Jesus, Devotion To). The Sisters of the Cross of St. Andrew were established at Puy in 1806 by
Elisabeth Béchier and André Hubert
Founda- Fournet for the education of children tions of the and the care of the sick, and has about Nineteenth 2,500 sisters in about 380 houses, the
Century. most of which are in France. The
Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration (Adoratrices perpetuz) were founded at Rome in 1807 by Caterina Sordini (later known as a Franciscan Tertiary by her name in religion, Maria Magdalena de Incarnatione) for the perpetual adoration of the sacrament and the expiation of wrongs done to it. It possesses houses in Rome, Naples, Turin, and Innsbruck.
The Sisters of St. Sophia were established at Metz in 1807 for the education of girls, but were incorporated in 1824 with the Dames de Sacre Cceur. The Sisters of St. Christina were also established at Metz in 1807 by Madame Tailleur, and gave gratuitous instruction in seventy schools in the dioceses of Metz, Chélons, Verdun, and Reims. The Daughters of Jesus were founded at Verona in 1809 by Pietro Liomardi for the education of girls, and formed the model for four French congregations with the same name and object. The Ladies of Good Succor (Dames du bon secours) were established at Aurignac in 1810 by Abbé Desentis and the widowed Baroness de Benque for the care of the sick and the poor, They number over 4,000 in 160 houses in France. The Sisters of Loreto (Loretines, Ladies of Loreto) include three congregations established about the same time; one at Loreto, Ky., in 1812 for the education of girls; the second at Bordeaux in 1821 for the protection of servants without positions; and the third at Dublin in 1822 on the model of the English Ladies (q.v.).
The Sisters of Joseph comprise a number of con-