RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Wordsworth Work and Saddle Animals
Biographia Literaria, London, 1866; H. Lonsdale, The Worthies of Cumberland, 6 vols., ib. 1867-75; D. Masson, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, and Other Essays, new ed., ib, 1881; A. J. Symington, William Wordsworth, ib. 1881; F. W. H. Myers, Wordsworth, ib. 1888, new ed., 1909 (admirable); J. M. ;utherland, William Wordsworth, ib. 1888; W. Knight, Life of Wordsworth, 3 vols., in his ed. of the Works, vols. ix.-xi., Edinburgh, 1889 (authoritative); Wordsworthiana, ed. W. Knight, London, 1889 (selection of papers read before the Wordsworth Society; of high value); T. De Quincy, Recollections of the Lake Poets, in Works, vols. i.—iii., ib. 1889-90; Elizabeth Wordsworth, William Wordsworth, ib. 1891; M. Gothein, William Wordsworth; sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Zeitgenossen, 2 vols., Halle, 1893; E. Legouis, La Jeunesse de Wordsworth, Paris, 1896, Eng. transl., London, 1898 (careful and interesting); W. R. Inge, Christian Mysticism, pp. 305 saqa., ib. 1899; W. Raleigh, Wordsworth, ib. 1903; F. W. Robertson, Influence of Poetry. Wordsworth, ib. 1906; D. W. Rannie, Wordsworth and his Circle, ib. 1907; S. F. Gingerich, Wordsworth: a Study in Memory and Mysticism, Elkhart, Ind., 1908; DNB, Ixiii. 12-27.
WORK AND SADDLE ANIMALS, HEBREW: This article deals with certain animals used for draft and riding and in those relations; for further information concerning them see Ass; CAMEL; Horse; Mois; Pasrorau Lirr, Hesrew. Of neat cattle the bull was used for field work, hence the large proportion of the male in the herd (Gen. xxxil. 15); oxen in pairs drew the plow (I Sam. xi. 7), the harrow (Job. xxxix. 10), and the threshingsled (II Sam. xxiv. 22); they were employed also to tread out the grain (Deut. xxv. 4). The ox was a valued possession; whoever took a widow’s ox as a pledge was an oppressor (Prov. xiv. 4; Job xxiv. 3). A goad was and is still used in driving the animal (Judges iii. 31; I Sam. xiii. 21). Ox and ass were not to be yoked together (Deut. xxii. 10); neat cattle were used before the cart (I Sam. vi. 7) and as beasts of burden (I Chron. xii. 40).
For the ass there were many names: hamor; ‘athon, “she ass’’; ‘ayir, Gk. onos, polos, “ young ass’’; ere’, ‘wild ass.” Before the introduction of the horse the ass and neat cattle were the agriculturist’s only work animals. In early times ass and ox were doubtless yoked together; the prohibition of Deut. xxii. 10 arose from the sentiment against any commingling of unlike. In plowing heavy land the ass was not in use; it was used, however, to turn millstones. Its principal value was for riding by rich and poor, with or without saddle or bridle, while the driver traveled on foot (II Kings iv. 24). Women especially rode it, also children (Ex. iv. 20), and the feeble (II Chron. xxvii. 15); even a corpse might be carried on it (I Kings xiii. 29); the young asses served children as riding animals (Judges x. 4). Only in very early times was it used in war, except as a pack animal (II Kings vii. 7, 10; but cf. Isa. xxi. 7), being especially em- - ployed in times of peace (Zech. ix. 9). In patri-
archal times it was a pack animal (Gen. xlii. 26 and often), and in New-Testament times ox and ass were of animals the most common possessions (Luke xiii. 15, xiv. 5).
By peredh the Hebrews denoted the offspring of the ass and the mare. This animal was used for riding, being too costly for use in early times for ordinary pack purposes; as a sad- ‘dle animal it was used by kings and princes (I Kings i. 23, xviii. 5). It seems to have come
from the Armenian highlands by way of Phenicia (Ezek. xxvii. 1 4).
The single-humped camel is the variety of which some mention is made in Scripture, used generally by the caravans, therefore seldom by Hebrews (ef. I Chron. xii. 40; Isa. xxx. 6); but the returning exiles employed it (Ezra ii. 67). Its burden was about three hundredweight, and was distributed on both sides of the hump in a sort of saddle; the beast knelt while the load was adjusted. Freight camels move slowly, and last for from twelve to fifteen hours; the riding camel can surpass in endurance the best horse. Different forms of saddle are used for men and women, the latter being upholstered and with high knobs, surmounted by a pannier. The rider often dismounted with the aid of a pole carried by the driver. The animal might be adorned with rings and chains upon the neck (Judges viii. 21, 26). It was useful also in war, and was employed by Arabs, Bactrians, and Africans as a sort of cavalry. Camel’s milk is mentioned (Gen. xxxii. 15), but its flesh was forbidden to Hebrews (Lev. xi. 4), although the heathen used it in sacrifice; its hair was woven into a rough cloth, used also for tent covering (Matt. iii. 4; Jer. xlix. 29).
For the horse there are several designations in Hebrew: sus is the general name; parash is a saddle horse; the exact sense of rekhebh is doubtful; kal means ‘ the runner,” and is applied to the horse (Isa. xxx. 16), while ’abbir, ‘‘ the strong,” is so applied Judges v. 22. The New-Testament term is hippos, often in Revelation. The horse was introduced into Palestine after the time of Solomon; when David overcame Hadadezer of Zoba and took as booty horses and chariots, he knew only to destroy the chariots and hock the horses—except sufficient for 100 chariots (II Sam. viii. 4). Solomon is said to have had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen (I Kings x. 26). It is usually held that the probable market of the horse for the Hebrews was Egypt, in which it had long been prized, while Egyptian influence was stronger at the time than that of Assyria. Israel appears to have been the latest of the people of Hither Asia to introduce the horse for the army, especially for the use of cavalry; at first reserved for the use of the king (I Kings i. 5), the horse was used by the nobles in the time of Jeremiah. The reference in I Kings x. 28 is probably to be read Muzri instead of Mizraim, ‘Egypt’ (see AssyriA, VI., 2, §1). Accordingly Winckler holds that Cilicia and Cappadocia were the marts where the Israelites obtained their horses; while Muzri in Arabia may be the reference in such passages as Isa. xxxi. 1. The much-debated passage I Kings x. 28, cf. verse 26, is probably the starting-point of much legendary matter regarding Solomon’s relation to the establishment of the horse as a possession among the Hebrews. The arrival of the horse from Cappadocia among the Babylonians is demonstrable for the period 1420-1100, and among the Egyptians after the eighteenth dynasty. The breed of the horses derived by Solomon from Asia can no longer be determined. Tradition attributes the derivation of the celebrated breed of Arab horses from those brought back by the exiles (Ezra ii. 66), which
World