THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
OO SS ee eee
kiel, the year began with the spring. Wellhausen’s hypothesis to the contrary is untenable, and the priestly writings agree with this, except the interpolated passage Ex. xii. 2, and the passage in the account of the flood already referred to. The designation of the autumn as the end of the year flows in part from the resemblance of the following part of the year to the night as the close of active work. The reckoning of the regnal years of the kings is based upon the year which began in the spring, and is parallel to the Babylonian method in which this prevailed. Dillmann concludes from the dating of the battle of Carchemish in the fourth year of Jehoiakim (Jer. xlvi. 2) that the Jewish regnal year began in the autumn. But this is contrary to the general custom as indicated by the usage both of the Books of Kings and of Jeremiah. The synchronism in Jer. xlvi. 2 must therefore be given up. Just as inconclusive is the deduction from II Kings xxii. 3 sqq., xxiii. 22 sqq., that since the finding of the book of the law and the consequent observance of the Passover fellin the eighteenth year of Josiah, that year began in the autumn (cf. the Septuagintal fuller text of II Kings xxii. 3). All indications point to the fact that in early as in late Hebrew times, when enumeration of the months occurred, the reckoning began with the spring month. A change took place toward the end of the regal period due to the fact that the names of the months fell into disuse and the reckoning of the priestly calendar came into civil life. But whether the regnal years of kings from David on were always reckoned from the month Abib is doubtful. Possibly the difficulties of the chronology are in part the result of vacillating usage.
After the exile the Babylonian names for the months gradually came into use, this being determined by Persian control of Hither Asia and the official use by the Persians of these names. In Zech. i. 7, vii. 1, the names of the months may be interpolations; but in the books of Nehemiah and Ezra
the names are used as customary, while 4. Hebrew in Esther the numbers are added for the Names for sake of clearness. The Chronicler ad- Months. heres to the usage in the law. The names used by the Jews are as follows: Nisan, Assyr. Nisanu (Neh. ii. 1, etc.); Tyyar, Assyr. Airu (Targum on II Chron. xxx. 2); Siwan, Assyr. Simanu (Esth. viii. 9); Tammuz, Assyr. Duzu (Targum Jerusalem, Gen. vili. 5); Ab, Assyr. Abu (Targum Jerusalem, Num. xx. 29, ete.); Elul, Assyr. Ululu (Neh. vi. 15); Tishri, Assyr. Tishritu (Targum Jerusalem, Lev. xxiii. 24); Marheshwan, Assyr. Arah-shamnu (Targum Jerusalem, Deut. xi. 14); Kishlew, Assyr. Kislimu (Neh. i. 1, etc.); Tebeth, Assyr. Pebetu (Esth. ii. 16); Shebat, Assyr. Shabatu (Zech. i. 7); Adar, Assyr. Adaru (Esth. iii, 7, ebe:): The beginning of the month was doubtless in both early and later times determined by actual observation of the new moon. The intercalation of a month was in late times determined by the Sanhedrin, but whether that month was called Adar or with the Babylonians) Elul is not determined. Reckoning by cycles belongs to times in the Christian era.
From Neh. ii. 1 compared with Neh. i. 1 it appears
that the regnal years of Persian kings were reckoned
from the first of Tishri. Whether a New Year beginning on that date first began to be observed by the Jews in Persian times or originated under the Seleucidee is not determined, though the later date is the more probable. The seasons among the Jews were two, summer and winter, the dry, hot season and the cool and wet one. A hard and fast division is not made, since sometimes the late rains of spring were reckoned to the summer. (W. Lorz.) Bisuiograpny: Basides the works of Ideler and Wieseler cited under Day, consult: L. M. Lewisohn, Geschichte und
System des jiidischen Kalenderwesens, Leipsic, 1855; A.
Schwarz, Der jiidische Kalender, Breslau, 1872; H. Gritz,
Hist. of the Jews, ii. 134, London, 1891; Dillmann, in the
Monatsberichte of the Vienna Royal Academy, 1881, pp.
914-935; Schiirer, Geschichte, i. 745-760, Eng. transl., I.,
ii. 363-398 and the sources there cited; DB, iv. 762-766;
EB, iv. 5363-70.
YEATMAN-BIGGS, HUYSHE WOLCOTT: Church of England, bishop of Worcester; b. at Manston House (18 m. n.e. of Dorchester), Dorset, Feb. 2, 1845. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A., 1868), and was ordered deacon in 1869 and ordained priest in 1870; was curate of St. Edmund’s, Salisbury (1869-77); vicar of Netherbury, Dorset (1877-79), and of St. Bartholomew’s, Sydenham (1879-91); chaplain to the bishop of Salisbury (1875-85), examining chaplain to the bishop of Winchester (1890-91); proctor in convocation for the diocese of Rochester (1891-1905); honorary canon of Rochester (1884-1905); warden of St. Saviour’s, Southwark (1894-1905), and subdean in 1898-1905. He was select preacher at Oxford in 1896 and at Cambridge in 1905. In 1891 he was consecrated bishop suffragan of Southwark (diocese of Rochester), and in 1904 was translated to his present see of Worcester. In theology he “ holds the English Catholic Church as defined by the Book of Common Prayer to be the Apostolic Church in this land.”
YEOMANS, EDWARD DORR: American Presbyterian; b. at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 27, 1829; d. at Orange, N. J., Aug. 26, 1868. He studied at uafayette College, Pa.; continued academic and theological studies under his father’s direction until his licensure in 1847; was stated supply at New Columbia, Pa., 1848-54; pastor at Warrior Run, Pa., 1854-58; at Trenton, N. J., until 1863; at Rochester, N. Y., until 1867, when he was installed over the Central Church, Orange, N. J., and was pastor there at his death. He was the author of the translation of Dr. Schaff’s History of the Apostolic Church (New York, 1853) and the first two volumes of his History of the Christian Church (1858-67), all written originally in German. He also prepared a book of worship and a collection of hymns.
YORKER BRETHREN. See River BreruRen.
YOUNG, BRIGHAM. See Mormons, L., §§ 3-4, II., §§ 9, 12, 13.
YOUNG, EDWARD: Church of England, poet; b. at Upham (6 m. s.e. of Winchester), England, 1683 (baptized July 3); d. at Welwyn (18 m. n. of London) Apr. 5, 1765. He was educated at Winchester, and at New College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.C.L., 1714; D.C.L., 1719); became a fellow of All Souls’, 1708; took orders, and
in 1728 became chaplain to the king; and rector of Welwyn, Hertfordshire, 1730. He was the author of the once widely read Night Thoughts, and his satires often compared favorably with those of Pope. His Works appeared (5 vols., London, 1774).
Bisuiocrapuy: Various editions of Young’s Poems contain sketches of his life—as that in the British Poets, vols. xlix.— li., by Sir H. Croft in S. Johnson’s ed., often printed, e.g., London. 1822; by A. Chalmers, in English Poets, vol. xiii., ib. 1810; in E. Sandford’s ed. of the Works of the British Poets, vols. xxv.-xxvi., ib. 1819; and by J. Mitford, in Aldine Poets, ib. 1871. Consult further: Biographia Britannica, vol. vi., ib. 1766; John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the 18th Century, 9 vols., ib. 1812-15; J. Barnstorff, Young’s Nachtgedanken und thr Einfluss auf die deutsche Litteratur, Bamberg, 1895; DNB, Ixiii. 368-373.
YOUNG, EGERTON RYERSON: Canadian Methodist Episcopalian; b. at Smith’s Falls, Ont., Apr. 7, 1840. He was educated at the Normal School of the Province of Ontario, after having taught for several years, and in 1863 entered the ministry. Four years later he was ordained, and, after being stationed at the First Methodist Episcopal Church, Hamilton, Ont., in 1867-68, was sent as a missionary to Norway House, Northwest Territory. There he worked among the Indians for five years, and in 1873 went in a similar capacity to Beren’s River, Northwest Territory, where he remained three years (1873-76). In 1876 he returned to Ontario and was stationed successively at Port Perry (1876-79), Colborne (1879-82), Bowmanville (1882-85), Medford (1885-87), and St. Paul’s, Brampton (1887-88). Since 1888 he has been prominent as a lecturer on work among the American Indians, and in this cause has made repeated tours of the world. He has written By Canoe and Dog- Train among the Cree and Saulteaux Indians (New York, 1890); Stories from Indian Wigwams and Northern Camp-Fires (1898); Oowikapun: or, How