RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Yuletide Zachariah
herest pauperum de Lugduno. The tract is found in E. Marténe and N. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, v. 1777 (Paris, 1717). The assumed authorship is stated by Pegna in his edition of the Directorium inquisitorum of Eymericus, pp. 229, 279 (Rome, 1587) and by D’Argentré in Collectio judiciorum, i. 84, 95 (Paris, 1818), but assailed by F. Pfeiffer in Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Alterthum, 1858,
ZABARELLA, = _dzi@’’ba-rel/la, |. FRANCESCO: Cardinal, jurisprudent, and diplomatist; b. at Padua in 1360 (not 1339); d. at Constance (?) Sept. 26, 1417. He came of the Paduan patrician family of Sabarini or Sabarelli, began his study of law in Bologna under the canonist John of Lignano, and received his degree of licentiate in 1883. He continued his studies at Florence, where he took his doctorate in 1385, and delivered lectures which were well attended; he took orders and served also as vicar of Bishop Acciajola, and was the logical successor to the bishopric when Acciajola resigned had it not been for the pope’s opposition. In 1390 he returned to his own city and labored there for twenty years as teacher and author, in 1398 becoming archpresbyter at the cathedral. After the subjection of Padua to Venice he became prominent in diplomatic ways, and at the Council of Pisa (1409) he was counsel to the Venetian embassy. By John XXIII. he was made bishop of Florence and then cardinal with the title S. Cosma e Damiano. He was henceforth much in the public eye. He treated with King Sigismund with reference to the place and date of assembling of the Council of Florence and took part in the same; after John XXIII. (q.v.) fled from the council, Zabarella remained as his representative, and was deputed to communicate the council’s decision. He was active also in the proceedings against Benedict XIII. (q.v.), and took part in those against Huss and Jerome of Prague (qq.v.), in which he sought to secure mild action.
His writings are partly philosophical and philological, as De felicitate (written c. 1398, printed Padua, 1655); De arte metrica; and De natura rerum diversarum; and the theological tract De corpore Christi. But the most of his works are on ecclesiastical law: Lectura swper Clementinis (1471); Commentaria in libros decretalium (1502); Tractatus de unione ecclesie; De schismatibus authoritate imperatoris tollendis. A large number of letters remain in manuscript in the Vienna library; two letters to Zabarella from Coluccio Salutato are in Fonti per la storia d’Italia, xvii (1896), 408 sqq., 456 sqq.
(K. Benratu.) BisuiocraPuy: Not to be overlooked is the literature on the Council of Constance, particularly the work of Van der
Hardt, i. 537 sqq. Consult further: A. Kneer, Kardinal
Zabarella. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des grossen abend-
lindischen Schismas, Miinster, 1891; J. P. Tomasini, JI-
lustrium virorum elogia, pp. 3-10, Padua, 1630; B. Brudersenius, De augusta regiaque origine ... familie Za-
barella, ib. 1670; A. Gloria, Monumenti della univ. di
Padova, ib. 1888; H. Finke, Acta concilii Constanciensis,
vol. i., Minster, 1896; and the dissertation of Keppler,
Die Politik des Kardinalskollegiums in Konstanz, ib. 1899;
p. 55, who attributes the work to David of Augsburg (q.v.). Preger has made this sure in his edition of the manuscript extant at Munich in Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, xiv. 2 (1879), 183 sqq. Two other manuscripts exist, one at Strasburg and one at Stuttgart. See WALDENSES. (C. Scumiptt.)
Brsyiocrapny: K. Miiller, Die Waldenser, pp. 157 saq., Gotha, 1886; KL, xii. 1844.
Z
there is a very full and excellent treatment, from the Roman standpoint, in KL, xii. 1845-50; cf. also Creighton, Papacy, i. 287, 331 sqq., ii. 40-44, 74, 118.
ZACCARIA, ANTONIO MARIA. See Barna-
BITES.
ZACHARIA, tsda/’Ha-ri’é, GOTTHILF TRAU- GOTT: Pioneer in Biblical theology; born at Tauchardt in Thuringia Nov. 17, 1729; d. in Kiel Feb. 8, 1777. He studied at Kénigsberg and Halle (M.A., 1752); became adjunct in the philosophical faculty at Halle, 1753; rector of the Ratsschule in Stettin, 1755; professor of theology at the University of Biitzow, 1760; and at Gottingen, 1765; and finally at Kiel, 1775. His significance comes entirely from his Biblische Theologie oder Untersuchung des biblischen Grundes der vornehmsten theologischen Lehren (4 parts, Géttingen, 1771-75). The stimulus to the work came from the tendency of the old Enlightenment to trace theology backward to the Bible in its correct meaning. Zacharize had forerunners in the matter of furnishing a Biblical basis for theology, such as Biisching with his Epitome theologie e solis sacris literis concinnate (1757). But his aim was to prepare the way for a better method of theological teaching by a thorough exegetical examination of the Biblical material out of which dogmatic theology is built. Yet Biblical theology was not for him an independent discipline; nor did he distinguish between different Biblical conceptions. His work dealt with the principal passages used as proofs. He was intent upon the historical sense, and cautioned against eisegesis, recognizing the temporal and local limitations of the parts of Scripture. His theological position was supernaturalistic in that he held firmly to revelation, miracles, original sin, the divine sonship of Christ, and the Trinity. These same characteristics appeared also in his Doctrine Christiane institutio (1773). In spite of his conservatism, his piety was of a type which, like that of many supernaturalists of the period of the Enlightenment, was hardly distinguishable from that of the rationalists.
(Heinrich HorrMann.) BrsuiocrapHy: C. G. Perschke, Ziige des gelehrten Charakters Zacharias, Bremen, 1777; H. Doring, Die gelehrten
Theologen Deutschlands, vol. iv., Neustadt, 1835; Schenkel
in TSK, 1852; F.C. Baur, Vorlesungen tiber neutestament-
liche Theologie, pp. 4-6, Leipsic, 1864.
ZACHARIAH, zac’’a-rai’a (ZECHARIAH): Fourteenth king of Israel, son and successor of Jeroboam IT. (q.v.). His date according to the old chronology is 772-771; according to Kamphausen, 741; according to K. Marti (HB, i. 797-798), 743. It is possible that he did not succeed immediately
Zacharias Zahn