scious mental suggestion. Thus a red scar or a painful burn, or even a figure of definite shape, such as a cross or an initial, can be caused to appear on the body of the entranced subject solely through suggesting the idea. By creating some local disturbance of the blood-vessels in the skin, the unconscious self has done what it would be impossible for the conscious self to perform. And so in the well-attested cases of stigmata, where a close re- semblance to the wounds on the body of the crucified Saviour ap- pears on the body of the ecstatic. This is a case of unconscious ^//-suggestion, arising from the intent and adoring gaze of the ecstatic upon the bleeding figure on the crucifix. With the abey- ance of the conscious self the hidden powers emerge, whilst the trance and mimicry of the wounds are strictly parallel to the ex- perimental cases previously referred to."
53. These cases, with others of the same kind, are cited by F. W. A. Myers, Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, vol. VII (1891-1892), pp. 337ff., who introduces them with the following remarks: "The subliminal consciousness, it will be seen, was able to turn out to order the most complicated novelty in the way of hysterical freaks of circulation. Let us turn to an equally marked disturbance of the inflammatory type, the production namely, of suppurating blisters by a word of command. This phenomenon has a peculiar interest, since, from the accident of a strong emo- tional association with the idea of the stigmata in the hands and feet, this special organic effect has been anticipated by the intro- verted broodings of a line of mystics from St. Francis of Assisi to Louise Lateau." Cf. the similar cases cited by G. Dumas, as cited, pp. 215 ft*.
54. Myers, as cited, p. 333.
55. Letter to Thomas de Gardo, a Florentine physician, printed in the Eighth Book of his Correspondence — as cited by Dumas, as cited, p. 213.
56. Traiti de V Amour de Dieu. Book IV, chap, xv (E. T. in Methuen's "Library of Devotion," On the Love of God, 1902, p. 196). Cf. Dumas, as cited, who, however, quotes more at large, including certain phrases (not found in the E. T.) which withdraw somewhat from the purity of the naturalistic explanation.
57. The literature of Stigmatization is very large and varied; a guide to it may be found in the bibliographies attached to the appropriate articles in Herzog-Hauck, the New Schaff-Herzog, Schiele and Zscharnack and The Catholic Encyclopedia. The essay by Dumas in the Revue des Deux Mondes for May 1, 1907, is excep- tionally instructive. With it may be consulted the older discus-
268 NOTES TO LECTURE III
sions by A. Maury, in the Revue des Deux Monies, 1854, vol. IV, and in the Annates Medico-Psychologiques (edited by Baillarger, Cerise, and Longet), 1855; and the more recent studies by R. Virchow, "Ueber Wunder und Medizin," in the Deutsche Zeitschrijt fur practische Medizin, 1872, pp. 335-339; Paul Janet, "Une Ecsta- tique," in the Bulletin de I Institute psychologique for July, 1901, and The Mental State of Hystericals : A Study of Mental Stigmata, New York, 1901; and Maurice Apte, Les Stigmatises, 1903; of. also W. A. Hammond, Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Condi- tions of Nervous Derangement, 1876, pp. 329-362, and the short note in W. B. Carpenter, Principles of Mental Physiology, 1874, pp. 689-690. No general description is better than Gorres's, as cited; and no general discussion supersedes Tholuck's, as cited. O. Stoll, Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Volker-psychologie2, 1904, pp. 520 ff., is chiefly useful for the setting in which the subject is placed.
58. Les Legendes Hagiographiques, 1905, p. 187. Cf. what is said by G. H. Gerould, Saints' Legends, 1916, p. 42.
59. L. Deubner, De Incubatione : "The religion of Christians had and has its own demi-gods and heroes; that is to say, its saints and martyrs"; G. Wobbermin, Religions geschichtliche Studien, 1896, p. 18: "The saints of the Christian Churches, and especially those of the Greek Church, present a straightforward development of the Greek hero-cult. The saints are the heroes of the Ancients." Cf. P. Saintyves, Les Saints successeurs des Dieux, 1907, and es- pecially Lucius, as cited; also M. Hamilton, as cited.
60. Cf. Friedrich Pfister, Der Reliquienkult im Altertum, 1902, pp. 429 ff.; E. Lucius, Die Anfdnge des Heiligenkulls in der christ- liche Kirche, 1904.
61. Cf. the account by Pfister, as cited, p. 323, and especially 43off.
62. Cf. Saintyves, as cited, pp. 33 ff. We are told that many of the bones of the eleven thousand virgin martyrs displayed at the Church of St. Ursula at Cologne are bones of men (A. D. White, Warfare, etc., vol. II, p. 29).
63. A. D. White records that Frank Buckland noted that the relics of St. Rosalia at Palermo are really the bones of a goat (Gor- don's Life of Buckland, pp. 94-96) ; and yet they cure diseases and ward off epidemics.