(Rom 10*^, 2 Cor 4^ i Cor 12^, Phil 2"). The proc- lamation of the Gospel is summed up for him therefore in this formula (2 Cor 4^); the confession of Jesus as Lord is salvation (Rom 10^), and it is the mark of a Christian that he serves the Lord Christ (Col 3-^) ; for no one can say that Jesus is Lord except in the Holy Spirit (i Cor 12").
Obviously the significance of the title ' Lord ' as applied to Jesus by Paul is not uninfluenced by its con- *Lord' a stant employment of God in the Greek. Proper Name Old Testament, and especially in those of Jesus Qjj Testament passages which Paul ap- plies to Jesus, in which ' Lord ' is the divine name (e. g., 2 Thess i^ i Cor i^^ lo^'-^ 2 Cor 3^^ 10^", Rom lo^^ Eph 6^, 2 Tim 2^^ 4^"*: Isaiah 45-^ is cited with reference to God in Rom I4^\ and with reference to Jesus in Phil 2^^).-^^ Under the influence of these passages the title ' Lord ' becomes in Paul's hands almost a proper name, the specific designation for Jesus con- ceived as a divine person in distinction from God the Father. It is therefore employed of Jesus not merely constantly but almost exclusively. It is doubtful whether it is ever once employed of God the Father, outside of a few citations from the Old Testament: and in any case such employment of it Is very excep-
1- Cf. Paul Feine, Jesus Chrlstus und Paulus, p, 38: "6 xvpto<; became to him ever more the heavenly Jesus, to whom he belonged with all his thoughts and activities. Jesus was to the Apostle the em- bodiment of God. This follows from the peculiarity which meets us also in Acts 2-0(?) 2-^, i P 31^^ that with Paul x>>pto<s in O. T. citations is often applied to Jesus: 2 Thess i", i Cor i^i, 2 Cor lo^''^, i Cor io9, 2 Cor 3I6, Rom iqIS, Eph 6*, 2 Tim z^^ 41*. In Rom 14", Is 4523 IS applied to God : in Phil 210 seq. to Christ."
The Corroboration of Paul 227
tlonal. It is accordingly in point of fact the determinate title for Jesus as distinguished from God the Father.^' As such ' the Lord Jesus Christ ' is coupled with ' God our Father ' (or ' the Father ') as the co-source of that grace and peace which Paul is accustomed to invoke on his readers in the addresses to his Epistles ( i Thess i^ 2 Thess I^'^ I Cor i^ 2 Cor i^, Gal i^, Rom i^ Eph I-, Phil i^ I Tim i^ 2 Tim i^ Titus I^ cf. Eph 6-^ i Thess 3", 2 Thess i^^). And throughout the Epistles Jesus as ' the Lord ' and the Father as ' God' are set over against each other as distinct and yet conjoined objects of the reverence of Christians, and distinct and yet con- joined sources of the blessings of which Christians are the recipients.
13 Cf. David Somerville, St. Paul's Conception of Christ, 1897, pp. 124 seq.: "The term 'Lord' occurs hundreds of times in the Epistles, and expresses the conviction of the supremacy of Christ which the Apostle shared with the entire primitive Church. In the nomenclature of the Apostle the Father is 6 6e6'^, Christ is xupto?. The term 'Lord,' except when he quotes from the O. T. (in which case xvpio<s is used of God, being the Lxx. translation), uniformly describes Christ in Paul's Epistles. That he regards it as Christ's proper designation we see from i Cor 8^-^, also from Eph 4^, i Cor 12^. Wherever ' Lord ' occurs we are to understand him as referring to Christ. 1 Cor 4^^ 3^ 7!'^, Rom 14*, which Weiss adduces as exceptions, are so only in ap- pearance." Cf. also Sven Herner, Die Anixiendung des Wortes xupiog i im N. T., p. 22, speaking of the Ep. to the Romans, he says: "If we -^ I direct our attentfion here to the verses where x6pto<s represents God, ' we find that they are all citations from the O. T. : ii^ 12^^ 14I1 form no exception to this rule. Outside the O. T. citations, on the other hand, xopto? in Romans means our Lord Jesus Christ, and no certain ex- ception to this rule occurs. . . . These citations are not always, however, able to alter the usage of Paul. We not only have an in- stance in which in Romans — as in the Gospels and Acts — a passage is applied to the Lord Christ in which in the O. T. the Lord Jehovah is spoken of (lo^^) ; but also two passages (ii^'^) in which an O. T. 'Lord God' is altered to (iiS) 'God.'"
228 The Designations of Our Lord
No doubt by this elevation of Jesus as * Lord ' to the side of God^* certain peculiarities of expression are pro- Jesus Embraced duced which are on a surface view suffi-