nearly so frequently employed by him as ' Christ.' This designation (more commonly with than without the article) ^^ occurs in his Epistles no fewer than 210 or 211 times in its simplicity, and many more times in combination with other designations. It is most dom- inantly Paul's favorite name for our Lord in the great central Epistles — Romans, Corinthians and Galatians, — in which it occurs some 138 to 140 times; but it Is also very frequent in the Epistles of the first imprison-
2*Harnack, Hist. Dog., E. T., i. p. 184, note 2, says: "Only in the second half of the second century, if I am not mistaken, did the desig- nation ' Jesus Christ ' or ' Christ ' become the current one, more and more crowding out the simple Jesus." This appears to be founded on the relative usage of the terms in the writings of the early post-Apos- tolic age. On taking a broader outlook the appearance of things is altered. Already in Paul the simple ' Jesus ' has retired into the back- ground and the simple ' Christ ' together with compounds of ' Christ ' has taken its place. There is in fact no question here of change or development of usage: but only of character of literature. In the N. T. ' Jesus ' is only the narrative name of our Lord : ' Christ ' and its compounds, together with ' Lord,' the didactic name. So far as ap- pears from the evidence, Christians were from the beginning accus- tomed to speak of Jesus as ' Christ,' ' Lord,' whenever they were not merely recounting His deeds in the flesh. The use of ' Lord ' and its high implications are recognized by Harnack as an early phenomenon persisting through the succeeding eras (p. 183).
25 Anarthrous Xptazo's in Paul: Rom 56.8 64-8.9 89.io.i7 9I lo^.e.T.i?
125 IJ.9.15 158,18,20,29 j65,7,9,10 j Qq^ il2,17,23,24r glS ,1,23,23 j^l, 10,10,15 ^7 515 -22 gll.l2 q21 nl J227 1^3.12.13,14.16,17,18.19.20,23 3 Qq^ j21 2IO, 215,17 33,14 cl6, 17,18, 19, 20,20 glS iq^.? ii3, 10,13,23 i22,10,19 Qg] j6,10,22 216.17,17,20,20,21 ,13,16,24,27,29 ^19 fl,2,4 gpjj j3 2I2 4.15.32 e21,32 Phil jlO, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 29 21.16,30 -8,9 Q.q\ j2,27,28 22,5,8,20 »11
Philem 6,8,20, i Thess 2® 4I6; and not at all in the Pastorals; 127 in all.
242 The Designations of Our Lord
merit (67 times In Eph., Col., Phil., Philemon), and is unusual only in the Thessalonian letters (4 times only) and in the Pastorals (once only). It surprises us somewhat to observe that next to the simple ' Christ ' (and 'Lord'), Paul's favorite designation for our ^ . Lord is the compound ' Christ Jesus.'
, This form, as we have seen, seems to occur occasionally In Acts, not only as a Pauline (24^^) but also as a primitive Christian (3^'') and a Lucan formula {s^~)-^^ But In Paul's Epistles it occurs not less than 82 (84) times, regu- larly anarthrously (except Eph 3^ cf. 3^\ Col 2*^), and pretty evenly distributed, though with a tendency to increased frequency in the progress of time (Thess. only 2; Gal., Cor., Rom. 29; first Imprisonment, 29; Pastorals 24). It Is possible that the prepositing of the ' Christ ' may throw greater emphasis upon the Messianic dignity of Jesus than was currently felt in the opposite compound ' Jesus Christ,"^' which Is much less frequent in Paul (only 23 times; and not at all in Thess., Col., Philemon). But In any case, both
28 Cf. also Mt lis, V. r.
2'^ So e.g. Paul Feine, op. c'lt., p. 36: "The ground of this combina- tion is a feeling of need on Paul's part to throw the Messianic aspect of Jesus into the foreground. This form, Xpiarb'i 'Irjaob^, accord- ingly has much the same significance as that in which the Apostle uses the simple ' Christ.' " In his comment on Rom i^ Dr. Sanday dis- cusses the forms of the names of Jesus used by Paul in the addresses to his Epistles. He supposes that in the addresses of the earlier Epistles Paul used 'ly^aoh'i Apiffrdi^, but in those of the later XpiffToi I-qaoo'i. " The interest of this," he adds, " would be in the fact that in Xpiar6<; 'Iyjaoo<; the first word would seem to be rather more distinctly a proper name than in ^Irjoou's XpcffTog, No doubt the latter phrase is rapidly passing into a proper name, but XpiarS^ would seem to have a little of its sense as a title still clinging to it: the
The Corroboration of Paul 243