j Q
SECT. 8-11.] SACRIFICES OF THE OLD LAW. 531
translate it Svoiaowa, Exod. xxix. 18; sometimes vou, to the same purpose, Ley. xi. 13, ii. 2, “a sacrifice;’ sometimes xdépruua, Lev. i. 9, that is, “ an oblation, an offering;’ thus most frequently. But whereas that word signifies primarily the “seed of fruit,” or the profit made by it, and is but tralatitiously accommodated unto ob- lations, it doth most improperly express "YS, which principally in- tended the sacrifices of beasts as burned in the fire. It is, then, the general name of all sacrifices or gifts burned on the altar, in part or in whole.
10. Every "WS, or “fire-offering,” was either M3? or 193, Zebach the Greeks render constantly by Suet, and words of the same original ; that is, a sacrifice of slain beasts,—“ ‘victinoa: hostia mactata.” @Odbw is “to sacrifice by killing;’” though I know that Eustathius thinks that Homer useth Wes only for SuwcZew; but its constant use in all authors is “to kill in sacrifice,” and Svoi« is properly “a slain sacrifice,” though it be often used in the Scripture metaphorically. So doth HW signify, properly the same with 130, Teth and Zain being easily and often changed; that is, “to kill and slay.” And Elias Levita observes, that it is but twice used when it doth not directly denote killing. And from this kind of sacrifices had the altar its name, Nat, “misbeach;” and so in the Greek, Suoimorfpiov. Now, of the sacrifices that were D°N3!, there were four sorts: —1. 72\¥, “the burnt- offering ;” 2. N88H, “ the sin- oe ” 3, OWN, “the trespass-offering ;” 4, DDO, « peace- -offerings;” and in part also the D821), or “ conse- Gration-offerings,” etc., as wad before observed.
11. 7021, the second species of the D'W8, The word is of an un- certain original and various signification. Those who suppose that it respected only offerings of the fruits of the earth are greatly mistaken. Instances have been given already to the contrary, and more shall be added. Generally, learned men deduce the word from 2), that Mem may be esteemed a radical letter’ (whence i in the plural iether it is read iN32 in the Mishnah), which yet is but a feigned radix, nowhere used in the original or the Targum: and it is read nin? in the Serip- ture, as Ps. xx. 4. Hence some deduce it from 3, “to lead or bring to;” making it agree in its general signification ‘with BR, “ corban. » Some think it may rather be deduced from 2, “to refresh, re-
create, give rest;” and that because it is called emphatically a “savour of rest unto the Lorn,” Lev. ii. 2. The LXX. sometimes render it ward, manifesting that they knew not the precise im- portance of the word, and therefore left it untranslated. It com- prised, as was said, the mincha properly so called, and the 403,
* «Quia pluralem ejus absolutum Rabbini efferunt nina, Mem cum Scheya ideo radicale censetur; si autem % esset servile, diceretur nine, ”_Buxtorf. Lex. Heb. et Chald. s.v., nna .—Eb.
532 SACRIFICES OF THE OLD LAW. [EXERO. XXIV.
or “drink-offering,’ and had a place also in the offerings of con- secration. And these were the “corbanim,” or “ oblations,” that were “ishim,” or “ fire-offerings,’” and YP YP, “ most holy to the Lorp.” ae
12. Of the other sort of offerings, which were only Den wp, “holiness of praises,” there was no general name; but they were either 7214, ‘‘terumah,” “the heave-offering,” or 7234, “tenuphah,” “the wave-offering,” whereof we shall speak afterwards,
13. The matter of all these sacrifices was of three sorts; —1. Beasts; 2. Fowls or birds; 8. Fruits of the earth; all accompanied with salt and incense. Of beasts there were also three sorts designed to this use and service,—one of the herds, namely, bullocks; and two of the flocks,—1. Sheep, 2. Goats. Of fowls or birds, two sorts were used,—1. Turtles, 2. Pigeons; and it may be sparrows, in the sin- gular case of the sacrifice for the cleansing of the leper, Lev. xiv. 4, In all of these (that is, of the beasts), it was required that they should be,—1. Males, unless in the sin and trespass offering ; 2. Without blemish. The fruits of the earth were of all sorts use- ful to the life of man. And all these sacrifices, from their general ends, may be reduced unto three heads: for they were all of them either,—1. Propitiatory, as designed to make atonement for sins; or, 2. Euctical, to impetrate mercies from God; or, 3. Hucharisti- cal, to return praises unto him.
14. The first particular sacrifice instituted in the church of Israel, regulated and directed Lev. i, was the moiy, “the burnt-offering.” I say it was then first prescribed unto that church after the rearing of the tabernacle, and regulated as to the times, occasions, and sea- sons of its celebration; for as to the nature of it, it was instituted and observed from the foundation of the world. And it seems to have been the first acceptable sacrifice, namely, that which Abel offered, Gen. iv. 4; for whereas it is expressly said of the offering of Cain, not only that it was mincha, but that it was “of the fruits of the earth,” that is, a meat-offering, it is said only of Abel that he brought 1270) i3N¥ ninD3D, « of the firstlings of his flock, and of the fat thereof,’—that is, either with their fat, or the fat firstlings, the proper matter of this sacrifice. Our apostle calls it his dépoy, his “ gift,’—that is, his 122, or “ free-will offering,” as all were before the law; and his Swoia, Heb. xi. 4, “the sacrifice that he slew to the Lorp.” But the name is first expressed, Gen. viii. 20, where both the matter and nature also of it are set down: “ Noah builded an altar unto the LorD; and took of every clean beast’ (bullocks, sheep, and goats), “and of every clean fowl” (turtles and pigeons), —this God had instructed him in,—N°Y YS, “and offered burnt- offerings on the altar.’ So did Job, before the giving of the law, chap. 1.5; which God also prescribed unto his friends, chap.