* The Aamo thlnff also probably happenod In the cano of Mntm.s<(eh, orilv at a Intor time, when j\«»iir-banl-pal wai* staylitf? In lliit.ylon (ln'«U'i\il of NIncvoh). probably Bliortly after tbeilealh of Ills rebellion!" brother ^aiuas-auin-ukln (n.c. tUS), wlione ally .ManaHiteh had been.
190
ASSYRIA
ASTONISHED
name of a rival king, cannot be definitely deter- mined. We only know that after the deatli of Assurbanipal, the Chaldican Xabopolnssar (Nabu- pal-uzur), who was originally one of Assiirbanipal's generals, obtained for himself the Bab. tlirone ( li.C. 625-605). In Assyria itself As.surbanipal was succeeded by his son Axur-itil-Uani (the fuller form of which was Assur-itil-ilani-ukin), who ruled at least four years, and by his other son Sin-sltnr-ishkun (at least seven years), who was probably the Sarakus of Berosus, aiid hence the last king Assyria ever had. It was in his day that the swamping of anterior Asia, by the Saka;an Scythians (men- tioned in Of), the Uminan-manda (or hordes of the Manda) of the Assyr. inscriptions, took place. This was only the prelude to the end. As a newly- discovered cylinder of the Bab. king Naboiiidus relates, fifty-four years before the consecration of the temple of Sin in Harran, which had been destroyed by the Manda hordes, a Manda king, who was probably called Arbak,* working in con- junction, as the cylinder just mentioned clearly proves, with Nabopolassar (Belesys), razed to the ground the famous Assyrian capital. Nineveh probably fell into the hands of the Medes in 607, after a two years' siege, since the comple- tion of the temple of Sin seems to belong to some- where about the third year of Nabonidus (55:3).
Naluim's prophecy was literally fulfilled, and the whole of Western Asia breathed freely again when tlie stronghold of their tyrants was demolished. The small remaining territory (since the Pharaoh Neclio II. had taken away Palestine and Syria) was divided between the Scythians, to whom tlie Medes of classical tradition (Cyaxares) belonged, and the Bribylonians, Mesopotamia falling to the latter. Tlie names Assur and Nineveh survived, to a large extent, because of the lasting effects of the influence of the Assyr. empire in politics and culture alike. Even down to the Christian era this is proved by (among other reasons) the fact that the whole district of the Euphrates and Tigris (including Babylonia) was called Assyria by the Greeks and Romans, and even to-day we call the science whicli has to do with the antiquities of both Assyria and Babylonia, and which has tlirown new light on many important passages in Holy Writ — Assyriology.
LITER ATtJRE. — {A) Excavations and Inscriptions.— C.J. Rich. lii'nidence in Koordistanand o» theSiteof Ancient I^ine- vek, 2 vels. 1830 ; A. II. Layflrd. Nin. and itn /iemaiun, IS4S ; T/ie Monuments n/Xin., 1*49, ISM ; P. E. Botta. .Von mncntii de .Viniir, ^yoU. Paris, 1*49-51; A. H. Layard, Jnxci-i/ilii'nn in Cull. Char. 1S.51 ; P. H. Gosse, Assyria, her Manners and Cns/nnts.l^omUm. IS.'J^; A. H. Layard. Discoperii'-'i in the lluitis of .Vinerth and Bahylou, ISM;" Ffli.v .Jones, Ti'jKmraiihij of .Xinereh (8 lari^re maps of the whole country between the Tii,'ris and the Upper ZaW, Isio; II. Rawlinson. Citn. Inscr. nf II'. A>ii<i, .% vols. lSt)l-^ : ir. Smith, Assijr. Discoveries : Erptor. and Discov.on Siteo/Xinereh,l>>~bl Delitzschu. llauitU Beitr.
e. Assijrioloffie u. se'm. Sprachirissensch 8 vols. Leipzig, 1SS9- 96; Assi/r. Bitdiot. 18 vols. Leipzig. ISSl-96.
i,B) The LANorAoK. — Oppert, Elements de la Orammaire Assyr, Paris. IStiO; Sayce, An Assyrian Grammar for Com- parative I'urposes, London, 1ST2 ;'Friedr. Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar, ir. hv Kennedy, Berlin, 1*S9; also Assyr. Hand - mirlerh. Leipzis, Islli-On; C. Bezold, Kursgf. Veberblick fiber die Bab.-Assyr. Lileratur. Leipzig, 1S96.
(/'X'oMiMi.ATiossi periodicals, iuurnals. etc.). — T.9^ .4 . London, IST'J H'.l:!, 9 vols. ; I'SBA. London, lS7s-ls9r,, ISvols. ; Zeitsch.
f. Kt'itschriftfor\chttn{i, founded by F. Ilonimel, edited by C. Ik-zoM and I'.' Ilonimel, ■_> vols. Leipzig, 18S4 and ISS,',; Zeilsch.
/'. .issyriotoffie (continuation of above), edited by C. Bezold, Leipzig, l>^'^iV-'.ir), 11 vols.; liecneil de travaux rehitifs d la
philolo{]ie etd./'Archt^o/n(/ie E{iyp. et Assyr. cd.by G. ^Iaspe^o, Paris, lsT9-9t», Is vols.; Iierue<-VAHsyriol<tifieetd^Archiologie, ed. by Oppert and Ledrain, Paris, 1SS4-9G, S vols. ; Bab. and Orient, liecord, a monthly magazine, ed. by de Lacouperie,
• .According to Ctesias, he was called Arbakes. A clear allusion to this name is found in Xabonidus' cylinder inscription. ' Vengeance took iirlha tuf:ti\ the fearless king of Manda' : cf. turrit inkti (=shakan gimilli). to take vengeance, pnd Ileb. 3^">, 1 S 255*. Justin i. Sgives thcDiller form Arbactus (prob. the Eranlan Arba-tukhta, of which Arbak is a form of endearment).
lSST-93, 6 vols. ; RP, licing Eng. tr. of tlie Assyr. and Egyc. Monuments, vols. 1, ."i. .'\ T. it, 1 1. London. Is7:i foi. ; New Series, London, ISSS, fol. ; Keilinschrifdiche Bitdiothek, collection ot Assyr. and Bab. Texts, inscribed and translated, ed. by E. ^chi-ader, vols, 1 and 2 (Assyr, Konigs-insciir.), Berlin, 1*S'9-9U.
(/>) .\kt. — Perrot et Cliipitrz, Jiistoire de t'Art dans t\'inti(jnife, vol. ii. Chaldi'ens t;t Assyriens, Paris, 18*4; S. Birch and T. G. Pinches, Bronze Ornaments from Balawat, 4 pts. 1>5SU-S2.
( E) Gko«k vphy or Assyria, and its Relations to thk OT. — Schrader, Keilinsch. und Geschichtsforschung ; Ein Beitrag znr monumentalen Geographie. Gewhii-hte, und Chronologie (/c/*-4««y;'*'/'. Giessen, ISTo ; Delitzsch, Fried. H'o tag das Para- dies f (pp. Ilj9-:i29 give a detailid description of the geography of Upper .\sia, based on the Assyr. Ko^al lnscri|itions) ; Delattre, //.isie Occidenttile dansl, s insiTiptions .\ssyriennes, Hrux- elles, 1SS5; Schrader, COT- tr. from tiio Germ.byO. 0. White- house, 2 vols. London, 1SS9.