PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 1
I ^ Dictionary of the Bible A Dictionary of the Bible DEALING WITH ITS LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND CONTENTS INCLUDING THE BIBLICAL THEOLOGY EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS, M.A., D.D. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP JOHN A. SELBIE, M.A. AND, CniEFLT IN THE REVISION OF THE PROOFS, OP A. B. DA%TDSON, D.D, LL.D. S. R. DKIVER, …
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The Editor has pleasure in recording his thanks to many friends and willing fellow-workers, including the authors of the various articles. In especial, after those whose names are given on the title-page, he desii-es to thank the Eev. W. Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxfo…
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5:1/= British Museum. SiJP= Biblical Researches in Paleocine. C/G = Corpus Inscriptionnm Gr.necarum. C/Z = Corpu3 Inscriptionum Latinarum. C/5= Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. COT= Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT. /)B= Dictionary of the Bible. G(7.<4 = G6ttuiKi8che Gelehrte Anzeigen. OF/=Geschichte des Volk…
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Rev. S. T. GwiLLiAM, F.Il.G.S., Hampton Poyle Rectory, Reading. Rev. G. Harfohd-Battersby, 5L.\., Balliol Col- lege, Oxford; Vicar of Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Rev. Edwin Elmer Harding, M.A., Principal of Saint Aidan's Theological College, Birkenhead. J. Rendel Harris, >I. -V., D. Litt. , Fellow and Li- brarian of Cl…
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Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A.. D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the Lniversitj- of Cambridge. John F. Stenning, M.A., Lecturer in Hebrew and Theology, Wadham College, Oxford. Rev. Alexander Stewart, 51. A., D.D., Prin- cipal and Primarius Professor of Divinity, St. Mary's College, …
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The text has been published in facsimile type- (l)in 1846, 'Cod. Frid.- Aug.,' containing the sheets of OT secured in 1844; (2) in 1802, 'Cod. Sin.,' containing, besides NT, the rest of OT, with the exception of a few verses (published in an appendix in 1807). Tischendorf also published the NT text in a handy volume in…
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and seventy elders of Israel (24"' '"") ; and when Moses with Joshua alone is about to approach still nearer to God, Aaron and Hur are temporarily appointed supreme judges of the people (24"' '* E). Moses' absence being prolonged, Aaron, at the people's request, makes a golden calf as a visible symbol cf J", for which …
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In the older literature outside the Pent., the mission of Moses and Aaron in Egypt is alluded to in Jos 24' E, and 1 S 12*' ' (a passage which has affinities with E). Micah (6*) names as the leaders of the people at the time of the Exodus, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, but Aaron is not mentioned elsewhere in the prophets. …
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K. H. ClIAHI.E.S. ABADIAS CApaSlat), 1 Es 8"».— Son of .lezelus, of the sons of Joah, returned with Ezra from captivity Called Obadiah. son of Jehiel, Ezr 8". H. St. J. Thackerat. ABAUTHA ABDA ABAGTHA (kd^Jk, Est l'"), one of the seven cluiinburlaina or eunuchs sent by Ahasuerua (Xerxes) to fetch the queen, Vashti…
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Sositiveness. It has been held, for instance (see ohn Li"htfoot, HorcB Hebr. ad Mc. I.e.), that when spelt with the double 6 and final a, the word refers to physical fatherhood ; accordin<;ly, our Lord's choice of that form is thought to indicate special closeness of relationship. But the frequent use of Abba simply as…
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LmRATl'ttB.— Schrndcr, COT; Dillnunn, (7«n<nf ; Delitacb, 0*ne*it ; and Lit«rature of Sacrifice. W. P. Patkiwon. ABEL (Sjk), 'meadow.' — The name of various f)Iace8 in Pal. and Syria, situated by cultivalile ands. In cmo passage (1 S 0'") Abel slaiuls ap^Mircnfly for Eben (ItX), 'stone' (.see liV, AVm, La.X, and Tar.…
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The adhesion of A. was of signal serWce to David, inasmuch as he brought with him an ephod, which, whether it were the high priestly ephod containing the Urim and Thummim (so Jerome, Qu. Heb. in loc, and Jos. Ant. vi. xiv. 6) or a sacred image, was at all events a recoCTiised method of 'inquiring of the Lord' (1 S 14",…
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ABU; ABIHAIL have been passed over in silence in the earlier his- tory liad it ever occurred. The Chronicler, on the other hand, provides an explanation of another stumbling - block — the dual hiL;h priesthood of Zadok and A. in David's reign — \iy the statement with which 1 Ch 24 opens, that 'Eleazar and Ithamar exe…
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ABIGAIL and (2 S 17» RV) Ablgal (Heb. gener- ally VvJV, 3 times Si'jx, once each ^'.yix, S:3;n 'father is joy,' or, perhaps, if the ' be not original, 'has rejoiced.' — 1. The discreet and beautiful wife of Nabal the Carmelite. Hearing of her husband's dismissal of David's messengers, and refusal of their request, unkn…
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reads like an echo of the heroic age of Israel ' Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about behind them. . . . the priests sounded with the trumpets (cf. Nu 10^ 31«, Jos 6"), then the men of Judah gave a shout (cf. Jos 6*") ; and as the men of Judah shouted, it came to pass that God smote Jeroboam and all Israel.' Iji…
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* Out of my lean and low ability I'W lend you somelhin^.* —Shakespeare, T. N. UL 4. This is the meaning also of An 11^ 'Then the disciples, every man according to his a., deter- mined to send relief unto the brethren,' though the original is a verb, naBui evTopurb ns, raeanin" 'ace. as each prospered.' 2. It signilie…
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The story of A. in Jg 9 is the natural sciiuel of the version of Gideon's hist, contained in S-"'^ (note also how the sentiments of Jotham's parable agree with 8^'- '•", unless, indeed, these latter two verses are an 8th cent, interpolation). The narrative is one of the oldest in U'l , belonging to the same type as the…
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Abishai probably died before the rebellion of Adonijah. If he had been alive, he must have been mentioned among the leaders of either side. N. J. D. White. ABISHALOM.— See art. Absalom. ABISHUA (Ve''5k, meaning uncertain ; perhaps 'father is wealth.' — 1. According to the genealo- gies of Chron., where alone the nam…
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his son Jaasiel was captain of Benjamin in David's reign (1 Ch 27'"). N. J. D. White. ABODE. — 1. The past tense of Abide (which see). 2. In Jn W^ (' We will come unto him, and make our abode with him ') a. is tr. of the same word (fuivit) which in Jn 14" is rendered Mansion (which see). J. HASTINGS. ABOMINATION.— Fo…
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title found often in Phcen. and (with J'Dp for otjp) Aram, inscriptions, and the Sem. equivalent of the Gr. Zei/s : according to 2 Mac 6^ Antiochus desired to make the temple a sanctuary of Zei)t 'OXi/^TTiot, — as his coins show (Nestle, Marginalien, p. 42, who cites Babelon, Les Bois de Syrie, pp. xiv, xlviii), his pa…
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"ABRAHAM. — The narrative of the patriarch Abraham is contained in Gn ll^'-25i', and, as it stands before us, consi-sts of a series of con- secutive stories or scenes from the patriarch's life. It make no pretence of being a complete biography. It may be doubted whether the compiler of the Ilex, had any intention of pr…
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A., who by rea.son of his childlessness cannot entertain hopes of the fultilmetit of the divine promise, n'ceives in a sjiecial vision assurance of Cfinrtft Sm'hnrr'i Snit.* 14 ABRAHAM ABRAHAM the great future of the race that shall spring from liim. By the gracious condescension of the Almighty, a covenant is nuu…
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The foregoing outline shows the truth of what has been remarked above, that the life of A. in the Bk of Gn is not so much a consecutive biograjiliy as a series of scenes derived from groups of lleb. tradition, and loosely strung together. How far the three main groups of patriarchal narrative — the J, E, and P — overla…
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' A Syrian (i.e. Aramsan) ready to perish was my father' (Ut 2(i=). Whether Ur-Casdim is to be placed in N. Mesopotamia or in Chaldea, the impression remains that '.) ' believed A.'s home and kindred to have been in Haran. 2. Thp Chnrartir of the Xarrative related in Gn 14. — There appears to be no reason to question …
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On the other hand, it cannot be denied that recollections of the nomadic age, committed to writing (in the form that has come down to us) in a post-Mosaic era, and evidently strongly coloured by the teaching of the prophets of .1", are likely to have preserved the hist, facts of the remote past ill a form in which pers…
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The subject of the faith of A. seems to have formed a stock subject of discussion in the Jewish synagogue. It is alhuled to in 1 Mac 2-'- ' Was not A. found faithful in temptation, and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness ? ' The ' locus classicus' for the subject was (in 15"; and the question propounded by the J…
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'i'he facts that A. came from Haran, that ho won his victory at Ilobah, near Damascus (Gn H"), and that his servant Wiis a native of Damascus (Gn lo-), seem to have given rise to the legend that A. conipiered Damascus. So Joseplms relates that ' Nicolaus of l)ama.scus,' in the 4th book of his history, says thus : ' A. …
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{,' it occurs only in the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Lk 16--- '■"j, where it apiiears both in the singular (KiX^os 'A/Spact^) and in the plural [aiXiroi 'AjJpad/j.). Taken from the practice of reclining at table, so that the hea,d of the guest leant back upon t he bosom of his neighbour, the place of distinc…
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Ira M. Pricb. ABROAD. — In its modem meaning of ' in (oi ' to ') another country,' a. is not used in AV or RV. The nearest approach ia Jn 11" ' The children of God that are scattered a.' On the other hand a. is used in senses now whoUy or nearly obsolete. 1. It signifies specially outside one's own dwelling, the opp. o…
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Jordan. At Mahanaim, BarzUlai the Gileadile aim others supplied him liberally with provisions. Kre long a sutUcient number of troops was assemhlcii to justify the king in joining battle with llie forces of A., which by this time had also passu.i the Jordan. The decisive battle was fought in 'the wood of Ephraim.' David…
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J. Hastings. ABUSE, ABUSER. — 1. In NT abuse is used twice (as tr. of KaTaxpdofiai) when the meaning is not a . but ' use to the full ' regardless of con- sequences (see Thayer, N.T. Lex.)-. 1 Co 7^' ' Those that use the world as not abusing it' (RV m. ' using it to the full ') ; 9" ' that I a. not my power in the gos…
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aCCAD. ACCADIANS ACCEPT, ACCEPTABLE 21 milea west of Baghdad. Delitzsch conjectures that it may have been one of the two cities which ixjre the name of Sepharvaim, but McCurdy locates this double city in N. Syria (§ 349). The Wolfe expedi- tion to Babylonia in 1884-85 (cf. Report, pp. 24, 25) located it at Anbar, on…
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[Note by Editor. — Professor Price has been permitted to state his view of this question unre- servedly. For he is himself an accompiislied student of As.syriology, and he has the support of some eminent scholars (see especially McCurdy, Huitory, Prophecy, and the Monuments, i. 87 tf.). But the Editor thinks it necessa…
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J. O. F. MtTRRAY. ACCO, AV Accho Cgs).— This city, included in the lot of Asher (Jg 1"), was never taken by Israel. Kno\vn at aifferent times as Ptolemais (1 Mao and NT), St. Jean d'Acre, Accaron, Aeon, etc., the old Heb. 'on 'Aceo survives in the Arab 'Akia. Josephns calls it 'a maritime city of Galilee ' {BJ ll. x.…
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ACCOS ("A/cxiij, 1 Mac 8").— Eupolemus, the son of John, the son of Accos, was one of the envoys sent to Home by Judas Maccabtens in 161 B.C. Accos represents the Heb. Hakkoz (I'W), which was the name of a priestly family (1 Ch 24'°, Ezr 2") ; Eupolemus, therefore, may well have been of priestly descent. H. A. White. …
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LrrKaATrRB. — There is a good article on Achaia in Pauly- Wisaowa, RB : see also Marquardt, Ham. Staatgverw. i. p. 821 f. ; Mommsen, Provinces of Ram. Emp. {Horn. Gcsch. v.) ch. vii. W. M. RAM.SAY. ACHAICUS ('AxaiVis). — The name is Roman (see CouiNTH), and appears to have been perpetuated in the family of L. Mummius…
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ACHMETHA(Knsn!<, 'Ejtj3aropa),thecap. of Media, mentioned Ezr 6- as the place where State docu- ments of the time of Cyrus were preserved. The Aram, form of the name employed in Ezr (LXX 'Aim$d) closely resembles the Pehlevi [uno.T (Bunde- hesh, p. 23, i. 4), derived from the Old Pers. hang- matana {Behistan Inscr. II.…
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2. Anoilur Achzib (B K«Cei'/9, A omits), situated in the Shephelah or 'low-land' of Jndah, is men- tioned along with Keilah and Mareshah in Jg 15**, and with .Mareshah and Adullam in .Mic 1'*. This neighbonrliood suggests a possible identilicalion with 'Ain-Kezbeh near Adullam. Tlie name appears as Kezib {^'\-„ XaafSi)…
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ii. Tkxt axi) Transmission.— Although our authorities for the transmission of the Acts are in the main similar to those for the Go.spels, they are fewer in number. Like the Gospels, it is contained in the five leading Uncials (n A B C I)) , in the Vulg., in the Peshitta and Harclean Syriac, in the two chief Coptic VSS,…
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iii. The LiTEUAKT HISTORY of the Acts is similar to that of the great number of books of NT. In the last quarter of the second century, when we begin to have any great extent of Christian literature, we find it definitely cited, treated as Scripture, and assigned to St. Luke. This is the case esp. with Irenajus, who ci…
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Origen's time the order of the Gospels was Jn Mt Mk Lk, and that these were followed by the Acts. In the case of Irenaus, however, our oldest evidence for Asia and the West, we find the Gospel already separated from the Acts and definitely grouped with the other Gospels (Zahn, Geschichte (les A'eutest. Kanons, ii. ;54;…
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In 8* the second stage of progress is entered upon. The word spreads to Samaria (8*-'^). The extension of the gospel is suggested by the story of the Ethiopian eunuch (S^e-"). In 9'-*' comes Saul's conversion, an event of extreme importance for the writer's purpo.se. In 9^' is given another summary of the progress of t…
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of Gamaliel. The appointment of the Seven. The preaching of Stephen. The Hpeech of Ste])hen. Death of Stephen and persecution of the Church. Tub Cm- la- « oi-ia_ ♦2-47' U.S1 M-5'«. 9-lB 71-63 The Church in Jud.ea and Samaria. S*-". Philip in Samaria, Simon Magns. 10-40 Philip and the Kthiopian eunuch. 91.30 Con…
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(.3) The tradition of the Church from the end of the second centurj' is that the author was Luke, a companion of St. Paul ; and this exactly corre- •sponds with the circumstances already described. St. Luke is the only companion of St. Paul, so far as our knowledge goes, who fulfils the conditions. The Acts could not h…
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It is very difficult to deal with some of these objections quite seriously. Even if the use of the Pauline Kpistles were proved, it is difficult to see what that has to do with the late date of the Acts. The contradirtinns with the I'auline Kpistles are largely dependent on a priori views of Church history. Some points…
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Lastly, all arguments against the Lucan author- ship, or the historical character of the work, drawn from the f.act that the writer clearly h.as a definite plan and jiurpose, are ijuite beside the mark. The distinction between a history and a chronicle is just this, that a history hits a plan. The writer, from personal…
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It has lieen assumed that Ac l.'> refers to the same event as Oal 'Ji-n*; but tills, althoiiph commonlv, is not universally accepted. Wliv. It Is asked, does St. Paul omit all reference to the visit recorded in Ac IIM? This Is a penulne ditllculty. It has been suppesled that there has been a dlsarraiipement In the Acts…
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point to, in the first place, is the naturalnes.i of the whole history. There were the germs of universal- ism in Christianity, but these needed opportunity to develop ; and the whole history shows that the expansion arose from the natural reaction of events on the Christians, not from any deliberate purpo.se or from a…
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If we pa.ss to the organisation of the com- munity, again. It is quite unlike the conception which we should expect from a Gi^ntile Christian iif forty or fifty years later. It is perfectly true that stress is laid on the unity of the primitive community, and it may be tliat this is exaggerated with a purpose ; but no …
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The presence of the author's hand in the speeches cannot be denied. Their literary form is due to him. He may possibly have summed up in a typical speech the characteristics of St. Paul's preaching before certain clas.ses of hearers. Some details or illustrations may be due to him, such as the mention of Theudas in Gam…
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ACTS OF THE APOSTLES ADAH 35 personal information ; there is no sign of great exactness of knowledge, and the incident recorded 21* will explain how that information was ac- quired. For the earlier history of St. Paul a source is not required ; St. Luke had heard the storj' told at least twice, probably much oftener…
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(4) Special Treatises on the Actfi.^tJohn Liphtfoot, Hebrew ami Talmudical Exereitations on the Acts of the Apostles (lli7S): Palev. florae Paulinae (1770, ed. bv Birks 1850) ; Zeller, Die Afwstilgeschichte (18,%4. En(r. tr. 187!)); .J. B. Liphtfoot, Galatians. 180.',, pp. 81 f., 88 f., 109 f , 276 f. ; Supernatural Re…
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ADAM. — i. Name. — The word ayt is originally a common noun, denoting either a human being, Gn 2° ; or (rarely) a man as opposed to a woman, Gn 2*"; or mankind collectively, Gn 1". The root ciK is variously explained as (a) make, produce, by analog with the Assyr. addmu (Delitzsch, As^r. Wbrterbuch ; Oxf. Heb. Lex.). M…
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AD Ail ADAM, BOOKS OF 37 the nuiiKin race, but to animate and inanimate nature. Compare KVE ; and, speiially for the Baby- lonian and ottiur parallels to tlie liiblical narrative, COSMIKJO.VY, EUKN. \V. U. liENNETT. ADAM IN THE NT. — Adam U twice mentioned in tlie NT in a merely historical fashion ; in Jude v.", wh…
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LlTBRATCTRE. — Copioufl discussions of all the questions involved may i)€ found (not to mention commentaries) in lleysclilac, S.T, 'J'hrologi/, ii. p. 4811.; Bruce, St. I'miTg Conception 0/ Chrit- tianiti/, e. vii. ; Weiss, Lehrlnich der. Ililil. Theol. det S'.T. i 67. For Jewish points of connexion with St. Paul's tea…
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H. A. White. ADDAR, 1 Ch 8'.— See Aed. ADDAR, AV Adar (i^x), Jos 15'.— A town on the border of Judah south of Beersheba. Thera is a ruin east of Gaza which bears the name 'Adar, but this seems perhaps too fax west. C. R. CONDEE. ADDER.— See SERPENT. ADD! ['ASS(l). — An ancestor of Jesus Christ, Lk 3^. See GenealoO…
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ADMINISTRATION in the general sense of ser- vice is now obsolete. But it is found 1 Co 12° ' tliere are differences of administrations ' (i.e. different kinds of Christian service, KV ' ministrations,' the Hkeiim AT word). In 2 Co 9'^ tliou^'h the Gr. is the same (JiaxoWa, sing.), the meaniu;' is not serrice generally,…
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40 ADONIKAM ADOPTION sheba, whose fears he easily awakened by pointing out the danger to which her own life and that of Solomon would be exposed if the attempt of Adonijah should succeed. Bathsheba, who seems to have already obtained from David a promise that Solomon should succeed him on the throne, immediately sou…
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R. M. Boyd. ADOPTION {vloBeirla) is a word used by St. Paul to desirrnate the privilege of sonship bestowed by God on His people. While Jesus Himself and the New Testament writers all speak frequently and emphatically of our blessings and duties as sons or children of God, no other of them employs this special term, w…
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indicate that St. Paul holds the sonship, of which he is speakini;, to he founded on the covenant promise of God, and not on the natural relation to God of all men as such. We must not therefore lower the meaning of a<loption, in his mind, to the confer- ring of the full privileges of sons on those who are children by …
1,039 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.