The later history of Babylon is bound np with
230
BABYLONIA
BACCHIDES
that of Persia, and afterwards of Alexander the Great and his successors, the Seleucid and Arsacid kings. The names of all these rulers occur in Connexion with the dating of Bab. contract-tablets and in other inscriptions. There is extant, for in.stance, a cylinder-in.scription of Antiochus Soter from IJirs Nirin-oud, in which also the ciueen Stratonike (Astartanikku) is commended to the protection of the Bab. gods. Not only so, but the Bab. literature, even bilingual (Sumer.-Semit. ) liymns not excepted, was still copied out and clierished as late as the Parthian era. The agri- cultural impoverishment of the country under the Parthians led, however, to the gradual dying out of the tradition of the priests which had been so long preserved. The knowledge of the ancient writing and speech was utterly lost until in our own century it was recovered through the acute- ness and enthusiasm of European scholars, and is now in ever-increasing measure shedding light upon the history of the most ancient civilisation, but above all upon biblical history.
LITER ATtTRE. — (Those works are not included which deal vfiih Assyria as well as liabylonia. as they have been already enumerated in Literature at end of Assyria).
l.O ExcAVAxroNS AND IsspRipTiONS. — V. J .T^lch, Xft ffati ve of u JoHriiey to the ftite of Biih. in. 1811, London, 1*39; 3. E. Taylor, XotfK on the RuiuKOf Muqeyer, London. 18,5.5 (,//,MN'). yotenon Ahii S/iiihre inn nit' T,l t/ /.o)uii. London. \^:,a{jn AS): W. K. Lot'tus, Tiutri'lKtnul Rfsi'tirctien in ( 'holitfFtt nml Sitsi- atiij, icitlt an Arroutit of Kx4-ttritfion-^(lt WttH'a. the Erech of Ximro.l. London, Km; .1. Oppert, Ejji/'il. en Mimpot.. Paris. l^*■.;i ; IL l;a>sani, A'< rtnt IfiKCoverie'i of A tw. Bitli. Cities, Lon- don, 1 ^^4 ( /■.s'Z.'.t ) ; E.deSarzee, Ihi-ou'rerte^m Chii/i/ee, Paris.. l^^l ff. ; U. V, Hilprecht, 7'he BiiIj. Exjieditiou of the I'niT. of J', inif^i/ivttnia. Series A. Cuneif. Texts, vol. i. 2 parts. Philad. KM. 1S96; FnL Uelitzsch, A«Ki/r. Lesextriel-e'. Lei|,2ifr, 188,"); H. Winckler, Der Thontofr/fiiiiil von. E/-Auoirna. 1889-1890 (the tablets of the musounis of Bei-liri and Cairo) ; ('. Ilezold and E. A. Wallis Budce. Thr Tet el-Anulrnrl Tithleta in the Brit. Mut.. London. 189"^; €, Hezold. Catal. of I'l/n. Tot>tets in Komnlnjik t^Meetittn of Brit. Mufi.,i vols^ London, 1SS9-1890; r. Il'aupt. Dim B<ib. XimrmJepoi). Leipzig. 18~l, 1891 ; T, (i. Pini'ties, Texts in the Bab. Wedge- Writing. honi\r)n. lss2; .LN. Stra.ssmaier. Btll>. Texte (New-Bab. contract-tablets), Leipzip, l-^^T It". : (ieortfe Ileisner, Sumer.-Bah. lltpnnen nach. Thonttl- felnt/riech. Zeit. (of the Berlin .Mus.). lierlin. 18;i0.
iB) Sr.MEKlAN Languagk (forthe Seniit.-Hal). see Askvria). — A. H. Sayre, On an. Acradian Seat. London. 1871 (Journ. of Philolotry); Act-ad ian Phonotot/i/.'Vrans. of Philol.Soc, London, 18T" ; Fr. l.enoi-niant, La tan(/iie prhnitirede la Chatd^e et leu idiomex '/'oirranienn, Paris, 187,5, Etnden .\t'eadiennei^. :! vols, Paris. lsT:i-lsT9; F. Holnmel. Die mtmero-akkad. S/trarhe. Leipzig', l-'^l (/Ceitsch. f. Ketlschriftf.), The Sinner. Lani./tia{/e and itn Ajtinilien, London, 18S6 (,Afi.l.8l, Siiiiitr. lenrKliicAe, Miinchen, 1894, Oer balj. Cruprmif/ d . irifi/pt _ Kiiltur. Munchen, 1S92; P. \\i\\i\i\. Akkad. u. mnner. K'eHnrhriflte.rte, Leipzijr. Issl-188-2. Die akkad. Sprarhe. Berlin, 1>^1; li. E. Brunnow. A C/a.ii.iri"l /.intof I •iin. Iileoiiraplm. I.,-yderi, 1889 ; A. Amiaud etL. Mefliiliaox, Tatileail eonniare de.^ieri tares Bah. et AnHl/r., Paris, l-^s"; C V. Lehinanli, Vie Eri.ifeiis d. mnner. Spraelie (ai.':nnst Ilalevy's liecliercliei rritii/iiei mir I'origine de la eiriliiiatiun Bab.. Paris, 1870. and other pamphlets of the same author), Leipzig, 1892 (cb. 4 on Samas-sum-ukin making up more than a third of the whole book).
{C) Translations, Commkntartes, etc. — E. Schrader, Kei- linm'hriftl. Bibliot. vol. ill. (Bab. historical inscriptions), Ber- lin, 1S90-1S92, vol. iv. (.juridical texts by F. Peiser), Berlin, Is9i;, vol, V. (the Tel el-Amarna letters by IL ■\Vineklcr). Berlin, 18911 ; C. Bezold. Die .-{chivmenid . Innehr.. Leipzig, 1882 ; H. Ziminern. Bab. Bninpnalmen. Leipzii:. ls>.,5; c. F. Lebmann, Sa7nati-nnni- ukin, Konifi eon liati.. Leipzig. I?ir2 (see also above, under (/i)); H. Molssner, Btitrdi/e z. altbiib. Priratrecht (contract- tablets of the linieof Khainniurabil, Leipzig, 1898; H, Ziminern, lieitriige z. Kenii1ninn d. bah. lieliffion (I. die Bescbworungs- tafeln -Surjut'), Leipzig. 189fi; K. L. Tnllrivlst. Die anHi/r. BeHchicorun{if(ne.rie \Maklii,' Helsingfors 1891, 1894 (Acta Son, Fennlea*!; L, W, King, Bab. .Ma{/>c and Stirrer;/, being the prayerti of the lifting of the ArtH//, London, 1896; P, Haunt, Die mnner. Eaniiliengesetze, Leipzig, 1879; IL Pognon, Jn- Hcrip. Bah. du Wadi Brissa, Paris, 1887; Fried. Delitzscli, Bab. WeltKchl,pf.-epoa, Leipzig, 1S9C.
(/>) Civilisation, Astronomy. Rklioion, etc, — F. Iloniinel, Die Heniit. Volker u. Sprarlien. vol. i.. Die Vornemit. Kitltitren i" JEyitp. u. Bab.^ Leipzig, ISSS, Die Astronomie d. alien rhaldi/er, Stuttgart (In the weekly journal 'Ausland'). 1891, 1892; P. .lonsen, h'onntolof/ie d. Bab., Strassburg, 1890; A. IL Savce, llibberl Lectures (Religion of the ancient Babylonians), London, l'~s7. I/I'.V. 1st ed. 189:i, Dth ed. ISS.'); Ed. Stlicken. .!«- traliiii/lhen d. Hel,r..Bab.. n.,Egyp.. Leipzig. I89t;; A..Ieremias, liab.-Ansyr. Vorstell. r. Leben n. d. Tode. Leipzig. 1887; Fr. Lenormant, La inagie ches les Chaldeens, Paris, 1874 (Eng, tr.. London, 1877), Ladii'ination et la science des presages vhezles
Chaldeens, Paris, 1875 ; C. P. Tiele, Gesch. d. Relig. im Alter- turn. I., Gesch, d. eegyp. u. d. bab.-assyr. Relig., Gotha, 189.5; Fr. Lenormant, Les origines de Vhistoire, 2 v(jIs. Paris, 1880, 1882; IL Gunkel, Schiipfung u. (''haos, Gottingen, 189.5; De Clercc) et .J. Menant, Catalogtce method, et raisonne de la col' lection de Clercq, vol, i. (seal-cylinders) Paris, 18S.5 ti'. ; C. F. Lehinanii. Das altbab. Mass- n. Geirichtssystein, Leiden. 1893. (K) History. — G. Smith. Hist, of Babylonia, ed. by .V. H. Sayce, London, 1S77 ; G. Maspero, the Dawn of Civilization ', ed. by A. IL Savce. London, l^'Ji'i; The Struggle of the Xiitions, e<i. by A. II. Sayce, London. 1896; ,1, F. McUurdy, History, Prophecy, and the JVoniinients. vol. 1. New Tofk and London, 1894, vol. 11. New York and London, 1896.